有机碳含量对多环芳烃在土壤剖面残留及迁移的影响

为了揭示有机碳含量(TOC)对多环芳烃(PAHs)在土壤剖面中迁移的影响,本文分析了北京地区部分典型的环境功能区(包括自然保护区、耕地、果园、农田、城区及工业区等)土壤剖面中多环芳烃和TOC的纵向分布特征,结合多环芳烃化合物的土柱淋滤实验,讨论了多环芳烃在土壤剖面上的纵向迁移特征.结果表明,不同环境功能区土壤剖面的土壤中多环芳烃的含量存在差异,且与TOC之间存在较强的正相关关系;土柱淋滤实验结果进一步证实,尽管具有不同TOC的土壤剖面中多环芳烃均可能向深层迁移,但TOC对土壤剖面中多环芳烃的残留及纵向迁移能力具有重要的影响,TOC越高,多环芳烃富集量越大,向下迁移量相对减少,反之相反;在TOC相同的情况下,多环芳烃的组成或结构特征对其在土壤剖面中的残留与迁移特征有明显的影响,淋滤水量、淋滤时间和添加PAHs量等对其在土壤剖面中的迁移作用也有一定影响.     

多环芳烃在不同灌区土壤剖面的分布特征研究

文章在不同类型灌溉用水的三个典型灌区进行土壤精细剖面钻探采样分析,研究16种优控多环芳烃在土壤剖面的分布特征和不同灌溉条件对土壤质量的影响。结果表明:表土是多环芳烃的主要累积层位,污灌区、再生水灌区、清灌区表土的多环芳烃总量分别为726、200、34μg/kg,说明长期进行污水和再生水灌溉均会造成不同程度的土壤污染;受多环芳烃自身理化性质的影响,低环的多环芳烃容易向土壤剖面的深部迁移,在表土以下的层位占绝对优势分布,高环的多环芳烃迁移性很弱,基本只在表层有检出;通过对各灌区剖面的典型多环芳烃含量和土壤理化指标进行相关分析和回归分析,得出TOC是多环芳烃在土壤剖面垂向迁移的主要影响因素。     

滇池湖滨农业土壤中PAHs分布特征及来源

研究分析了滇池湖滨3种土地土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量及剖面分布,结果表明:大棚、露地和撂荒地土壤中PAHs含量范围分别为499.72~1 075.76 ng/g,759.40~1 461.06 ng/g和677.38~1 267.00 ng/g,表明当地土壤存在一定的PAHs污染,大棚集约化的种植方式对土壤中PAHs的积累无显著影响。土壤剖面中PAHs含量随深度增加而减少,但最表层土壤由于光解等因素影响PAHs含量较低。PAHs在土壤剖面的分布受到土壤中TOC含量、土壤粒度、人为扰动等因素的影响。通过比值法对表层土壤中PAHs来源进行分析,该地区土壤中PAHs主要来自于燃烧源。     

环境污染及其防治 土壤污染及其防治

X53200701690典型污灌区土壤中多环芳烃的垂直分布特征/肖汝(北京科技大学土木与环境工程学院)…∥环境科学研究/中国环科院.-2006,19(6).-49~53环图X-6研究了有污水灌溉历史的沈抚灌区、浑浦灌区和清原对照点3个土壤剖面多环芳烃(PAHs)含量的分布特征.结果表明,在美国EPA优先控制的16种PAHs中,沈抚灌区土壤剖面中检测出10种,浑浦灌区检出12种,清原检出8种.PAHs总含量峰值随着土壤深度的增加呈下降趋势,但最高值均未出现在0~2cm土层,而是分布在2~5和5~10cm土层.各剖面单组分分布以4~5环PAHs为主,主要污染物是荧蒽、苯并[a]蒽和苯并[k…     

多环芳烃在土壤剖面中迁移行为的土柱淋滤模拟研究

京津地区典型土壤剖面分析表明,土壤中PAHs含量和组成均随深度增大而呈现明显的变化.为了揭示PAHs在土壤剖面中的迁移特征与控制因素,开展了室内土柱模拟实验,考察了PAHs的迁移特点及影响因素,特别是土壤有机质含量的影响.采用3种土壤质地和TOC不同的土样装填土柱,以去离子水作为淋滤液对预先加入土柱表层的污染物(包括不同环数PAHs、d-Flu)进行淋滤,当达到淋滤量后分析土柱中PAHs含量及组成.结果表明,不同实验条件下,淋滤后土壤剖面不同层次土壤中PAHs含量均高于原土样中的,且PAHs主要富集在土柱表层,随深度增加其含量明显降低,但不同土柱中降幅不同;不同环数PAHs分布特征存在差异.与原土柱相比,除d-Flu和Flu等低环数芳烃的含量在剖面不同深度均有明显增大外,部分高环数PAHs相对含量在土柱的不同深度也明显增加,说明高环数PAHs也具有一定的迁移能力,但相对于3环PAHs,高环数PAHs在土壤中迁移能力较低.此外,土壤剖面PAHs的富集程度明显受土壤中TOC影响,PAHs总量或单体PAH含量在土柱中迁移的深度随着TOC含量降低而增加.     

四川绵竹—阿坝剖面土壤中多环芳烃含量和来源及其生态风险

利用气相色谱与质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对四川绵竹 阿坝剖面土壤中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量及其来源进行了研究,并分析了土壤中PAHs的生态毒性风险.结果表明:研究区冬季和夏季土壤中∑16 PAHs的含量变化范围分别为32.78～1131.57 ng/g和64.5～461.29 ng/g,整体表现为冬季含量高于夏季,且与高程不存在相关性;冬季和夏季土壤中PAHs均主要来源于木材、煤的燃烧,部分采样点受石油燃烧污染;将土壤中多环芳烃苯并[a]芘的毒性当量(Bapeq)与荷兰目标值(32.96 ng/g)进行比较,结果显示夏季PAHs基本无潜在生态毒性风险,而冬季高度脆弱地区存在一定的潜在生态毒性风险.     

武汉城区土壤剖面多环芳烃的分布特征及来源分析

研究分析了位于武汉市城区附近的南望山土壤剖面样品.表层土壤检测到了美国EPA优控的16种多环芳烃,含量为991 ng/g.之外还检测到了联苯、苯并[e]芘、苝、二苯并呋喃、二苯并噻吩、惹烯以及一些多环芳烃的烷基取代物.多环芳烃含量随着深度的增加急剧降低.表层土壤以萤蒽、苯并萤蒽、芘、苯并[a]芘等为主,菲次之.与高环相...     

典型污灌区土壤中多环芳烃的垂直分布特征

研究了有污水灌溉历史的沈抚灌区、浑浦灌区和清原对照点3个土壤剖面多环芳烃(PAHs)含量的分布特征.结果表明,在美国EPA优先控制的16种PAHs中,沈抚灌区土壤剖面中检测出10种,浑浦灌区检出12种,清原检出8种.PAHs总含量峰值随着土壤深度的增加呈下降趋势,但最高值均未出现在0～2 cm土层,而是分布在2～5和5～10 cm土层.各剖面单组分分布以4～5环PAHs为主,主要污染物是荧蒽、苯并[a]蒽和苯并[k]荧蒽,低环PAHs含量峰值多集中在0～2 cm土层,中、高环PAHs大部分分布在5～10 cm土层.从单组分比值和母体多环芳烃比值可以看出,3个剖面的PAHs污染源来自于汽油、原油、煤的不完全燃烧,或通过污水灌溉,或以烟尘颗粒为载体通过大气干、湿沉降和风力输送进入到土壤环境中.      

内蒙古乌达矿区土壤多环芳烃空间分布特征及分析

随着我国煤炭行业的不断发展,有关煤矿区及周边有机污染物研究正逐渐受到全社会广泛关注。本文利用气相色谱-质谱方法对内蒙古乌达矿区不同土地利用类型的土壤样品中多环芳烃含量和空间分布情况进行分析。结果表明,研究区土壤中8种多环芳烃的总含量均值为2 054ng/g。尤其发现,土壤样品中烷基多环芳烃含量显著高于母体多环芳烃。从空间分布上来看,多环芳烃含量较高的位置集中在研究区西南方位,以8号水泥厂采样点和9号工业园采样点为中心分布。相关性分析表明,土壤中母体多环芳烃和烷基取代多环芳烃相关性较好,且环数越高,相关性越强,而多环芳烃与重金属汞并不存在明显的相关性。研究乌达矿区土壤中多环芳烃的污染情况和空间分布特征,分析煤矿开采及煤火问题对周边环境的影响,以期为煤矿区周围环境治理提供参考。     

天津地区土壤有机碳和粘粒对PAHs纵向分布的影响

研究了天津地区土壤中有机碳(TOC)和粘粒含量对多环芳烃(PAHs)纵向分布的影响,利用相对富集系数分析了PAHs在不同土壤深度的富集趋势.结果表明,土壤剖面中PAHs含量峰值一般在土壤的表层和次表层,并随着土壤剖面的加深而减少.土壤中有机碳含量、土壤粒度、PAHs性质和扰动、淋溶等均是影响PAHs纵向迁移的重要因素.PAHs相对富集在有机碳和粘粒含量较高的土壤中.高环PAHs主要是以与土壤有机质胶体结合的形式发生迁移,不易迁移到土壤剖面的深部,而低环PAHs则主要是以溶解态形式发生迁移,相对较易发生迁移.      

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.