标识指数法在秃尾河流域水质评价中的应用研究

采用现场调研和资料收集相结合的方法收集2007年-2013年秃尾河流域水质参数,以DO、COD、BOD、氨氮、石油类、挥发酚等16项为评价指标,采用水质标识指数法对秃尾河流域水环境状况分别进行单因子评价和综合评价.结果表明:秃尾河历年的综合水质标识指数都未超过水功能区标准;秃尾河的各项单因子标识指数大部分达标,只有COD、BOD、氨氮和石油类有不达标的情况出现,水质治理时可以COD、BOD、氨氮和石油类作为重点指标.     

雨源型城市河流水污染特征及水质联合评价:以深圳龙岗河为例

雨源型城市河流水环境容量小,易受污染,识别河流水质的主要污染特征并进行科学地水质联合评价是水环境治理的重要工作. 2018年,选取典型雨源型城市河流深圳龙岗河的12个监测位点进行水质监测,按照《地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002》对22个水质指标进行分析,采用单因子评价法、综合污染指数法和主成分分析法对龙岗河水质进行综合评价.单因子评价结果显示,龙岗河所有位点均达到地表水Ⅴ类水质标准及以上,其中田脚水和龙西河分别达到地表水Ⅳ类和Ⅲ类水质标准;综合污染指数评价结果显示,所有位点水质状况均为清洁或较清洁;综合污染指数法和主成分综合得分均显示,所有位点中龙西河、南约河和田脚水的水质最好,梧桐山河、大康河、爱联河、丁山河和黄沙河还有较大的提升空间,且需要着重考虑营养盐（TN、 TP和NH⁺₄-N）、有机物（COD和BOD₅）、粪大肠菌群和阴离子表面活性剂等指标. 3种评价结果存在差异,但均能从定性和定量的不同角度反映河流水质状况,因此综合采用多种评价方法能更好地反映雨源型城市河流的水质特征.     

玉溪大河排污口污染物对河流水质的影响分析

以玉溪大河排污口调查、监测为基础,基本了解主要排污口和污染物,对入河废污水量、污染物量进行了计算,分析了污染物进入河道后对河流水质的影响,为玉溪大河的综合治理和水资源保护提供参考.     

贵州黄洲河流域水质时空分布特征及污染源解析

黄洲河是施秉喀斯特世界自然遗产地内重要河流之一。为了解黄洲河水质特征,基于8个样点、7个监测指标、12个月监测数据,采用单因子水质标识指数法、均值型综合污染指数法,结合聚类分析、主成分分析方法对河流水质特征进行分析评价。结果表明:黄洲河TN超标较严重,TP潜在超标性强。遗产地核心区地表水未达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅰ类水质标准,缓冲区未达到Ⅲ类水质标准;丰水期水质最差,枯水期水质最优。丰水期主控因素为TP、NTU和NH₃-N;平水期主控因素为COD_Mn、Chl-a和DO;枯水期主控因素为NH₃-N。流域内主要污染形式为农业面源污染;上游和中游缓冲区居民生活用水和农村散养畜禽排泄物排放污染造成了黄洲河泉眼（Y1）、支流交汇点（Y2）点重污染的现状,而且污染会随河流运移,进入自然遗产地核心区。     

河湟谷地不同时空尺度下土地利用及空间格局对水质的影响

基于青海省河湟谷地湟源县、互助土族自治县和民和回族土族自治县内湟水河各级支流平水期和丰水期实测水质数据,结合遥感技术和数理统计等方法,分析土地利用结构及其空间格局对区域季节性水质的影响.结果表明：①河湟谷地地表水中总氮、总磷浓度偏高,Ⅳ和Ⅴ类水质多集中于河流下游和各支流交汇处.②河湟谷地平水期土地利用对水质的解释率高于丰水期,平水期最优尺度为200 m缓冲区,耕地和城镇为主要的影响因子;丰水期最优尺度为5 km缓冲区尺度,主要的影响因子为林地.③平水期耕地面积占比与总氮、高锰酸盐指数浓度呈正相关,而与总磷浓度呈负相关;城镇面积占比与污染物浓度基本呈正相关;丰水期草地面积占比与河流高锰酸盐指数呈正相关;林地面积占比在两个时期均与污染物浓度呈负相关.耕地、草地和城镇是污染物"源"景观,但耕地在一定程度上也起到拦截污染物的作用;林地是污染物的"汇"景观.④平水期200 m缓冲区尺度下林地空间格局对水质的解释率较高,其中LPI （最大斑块占景观面积比例）和PD （斑块密度）等指标为主要的影响因子,与污染物浓度呈负相关.研究表明,合理规划居民用地和耕地面积占比,提高河岸带周边的林地覆盖率及聚集度,是净化河湟谷地地表水水质的重要措施.     

深圳河水污染控制对策探讨

针对深圳河水污染已非常严重、水质达不到地表水Ⅴ类标准的状况,从技术的角度,在分析了深圳河水污染机理的基础上,借鉴国内外成功的河流治理经验,结合深圳河流的特征,对深圳河水污染控制对策进行了初步探讨.结果表明,在对深圳河流域进行全面截污、清淤、补水、支流设闸调蓄等措施后,深圳河水质将得到改善,可满足城市景观用水的要求.      

汾河下游地表水环境特征及污染源解析

水资源是区域发展的重要战略资源,地表水作为区域水资源的重要组成,其整体环境变化对于区域经济社会可持续发展具有重要的影响。本研究基于汾河下游15个水质监测断面2013—2017年的16项水质指标,采用水污染指数法（WPI）和多元统计方法,以水质定量评价为基础,评估了汾河下游地表水水环境特征及其变化的主要控制因素。结果表明：（1）汾河下游水质以《GB 3838—2002,地表水环境质量标准》中劣Ⅴ类水为主,WPI值的多年平均值为74.1—636.2;（2）水质的年际变化上,2015年Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类水的占比最高,水质状况最差;（3）在空间上,位于汾河干流尧都区段及涝洰河的6个监测断面污染程度高于其他区域;（4）研究区营养盐（TP、NH₃-N）和耗氧有机污染物（COD _Mn、COD _Cr ）等典型污染物主要来自城市生活污水、农业废水,霍州市和洪洞县的水质恶化受工业废水排放的影响最大。污染程度具有从北向南、从上游向下游逐渐减弱的特征。研究显示：汾河下游水环境污染严重,汾河干流道美桥—尧都段和涝洰河应当作为区域水环境治理的重点。     

判别分析方法在水质评价中的应用——以饮马河流域为例

应用判别分析方法对饮马河流域4个断面的水质进行了判别归类。经过变量的引入和剔除,依次选入溶解氧、硝酸盐、总磷、化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数、氯离子6种因子为主要评价因子,并建立了地表水水质评价的数学模型,其判别函数可以成功地对地表水的水质进行判别。结果显示,饮马河和岔路河的水质较好,大部分属于II类水,少数为I类水;双阳河的水质较差,已达到V类水,少数为IV类水。研究表明,判别分析方法在水质评价中的应用具有一定的实际意义,筛选出的变量对判别水质有显著作用。     

滦河流域上游地区主要河流水污染特征及评价

在水资源管理与污染控制的研究过程中,进行水质特征分析与评价具有重要意义.本研究选取滦河流域上游地区29个监测站点,在2010年对河流溶解氧、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数等14项指标进行监测,并分别采用了单因子评价法、综合污染指数法、分级评价法、内梅罗污染指数法、模糊综合评价法及水质标识指数法6种方法对该地区主要河流水污染特征进行分析及评价.结果表明,水质标识指数法比较适于滦河流域上游地区河流的评价.单因子水质标识指数显示,该地区的主要污染物为总氮、氨氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数,基本呈现富营养化状态;29个站点中小东区水质最差,达到劣Ⅴ类水质,且出现黑臭现象;波罗诺、窑沟门、下板城和平泉4个站点水质最好,均达到Ⅰ类标准;在河流总体评价中,柳河污染最为严重.根据评价结果将所有监测站点分为达标和未达标两类,并应用主成分分析和多元线性回归进行分析,结果表明达标站点和未达标站点的污染物的最大贡献者分别是生活污水和工业废水.研究结果对指导滦河流域水污染防治及水资源管理具有重要意义.     

2007年环胶州湾入海河流污染状况和污染物入海通量分析

根据2007年入胶州湾的7条主要河流入海断面水体污染物调查资料,分析了各条河流的水质状况,并计算了COD、氨氮、总磷和油类等污染物的入海通量。结果表明,7条河流入海断面的水质均属于劣V类,而丰水期水质较好,枯水期和平水期水质相对较差;各河流的首要污染物不同,其中,板桥坊河为COD,海泊河、李村河与楼山河为氨氮,墨水河与镰湾河为油类,大沽河为总磷。从入海通量来看,大沽河、海泊河和墨水河的COD排海通量较大,约占7条河流排海总量70％左右;李村河、海泊河与墨水河的氨氮排海通量较大,约占7条河流排海总量的70％以上,对于总磷,大沽河排放量最大,约占7条河流排海总量的70％以上,对于油类,墨水河、李村河与大沽河排放量较大,占7务河流排海总量的70％以上。最后在分析各河流污染物来源的基础上,初步提出了防治水污染的相应对策和建议。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.