碱解─A/A/0─生物炭处理有机磷农药废水

通过对有机磷农药废水成份及其机理的分析，提出了碱解－Ａ／Ａ／０－生物炭处理工艺。在适当的污泥回流比、混合液回流比条件下，控制曝气池中Ｎ_（ＴＯＣ）≤０．１０ ｋｇ·ＢＯＤ_５／ｋｇＭＬＳＳ·ｄ、ＮＨ_３≤０．０８ ｋｇＮＨ_３－Ｎ／ｋｇＭＬＳＳ·ｄ，厌氧池中Ｎ_（Ｔｏｃ）≤（０．１０．２５）ｋｇ ＢＯＤ_5／ｋｇＭＬＳＳ·ｄ及兼氧池中Ｎ_（ＮＤ）_３≤０．０８ ｋｇＮＯ_３－Ｎ／ ｋｇＭＬＬＳＳ·ｄ时，可同时获得最高的ＴＮ、ＴＰ及ＴＯＣ的去除效果，并使出水达一级排入标准。     

磁铁矿的制备及其对NOx的分解研究

用流速２００ｍＬ／ｍｉｎ的空气在温度为３４３Ｋ￣３５８Ｋ和氧化时间１０￣２５ｈ的条件下，２ＯＨ＾－１／ＳＯ４＾２－＝１．０的Ｆｅ（ＯＨ）２悬浮液制得纯相的Ｆｅ３Ｏ４＋δ（δ≥０），在５７３Ｋ下通Ｈ２还原制备氧缺位磁铁矿。氧缺位磁铁矿在５７３Ｋ下，分解ＮＯｘ成Ｎ２的活性研究结果表明，氧缺位磁铁矿对ＮＯ２的分解能力较高，但对ＮＯ４的３分解不十分有效。     

O3—H2O2组合法处理染料中间体废水的研究

报道了Ｏ３－Ｈ２Ｏ２组合法处理含有磺酸基团的萘系染料中间体废水的试验结果。对ＣＯＤ约为１６００ｍｇ／ｌ的某高浓度染料中间体废水，用５．１ｇＯ３／ｌ和２．０ｇＨ２Ｏ２／ｌ进行处理，可达到约６０％的ＣＯＤ及色度去除率，并使ＢＯＤ／ＣＯＤ的比值超过０．３，为后续生化处理创造了条件。     

大气降尘中水溶性有机物组成与含量的研究

本文为了研究各个地区大气降尘中水溶性有机物的组成与含量,从离地表２０ 米处的电网绝缘子表面采集九个大气降尘样品,对其水溶性部分用有机溶剂进行有机物的分离萃取,求出有机物的含量,采用ＸＲＰＤ 进行物相鉴定,确定有机物的组成可分为有机酸、有机酸钾盐、有机碱·盐酸盐加合物,尿素与尿素·硝酸盐加合物等四类,并对其影响ＣａＳＯ４·２Ｈ２Ｏ 的溶解度进行一系列实验,结果表明这四类有机物对ＣａＳＯ４·２Ｈ２Ｏ 溶解度的提高均有显著影响,可提高４０ ％ － ６０ ％ ,与实际降尘样品中其溶解度平均提高５０ ％ 左右相一致。由于大气降尘中普遍存在来自土壤与燃煤飞灰所排放的ＣａＳＯ４·２Ｈ２Ｏ,研究有机物的组成与含量,这对了解局部地区环境酸化（ 湿沉降） 有其重要性。     

生化法处理煤气废水

采用Ａ／Ｏ工艺处理煤气废水的研究结果表明,该工艺能同时去除煤气废水中的有机物和氨氮,在试验确定的条件下,该工艺对煤气废水中的ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率达９１．０％,ＢＯＤ５去除率达９９．１％,ＮＨ３－Ｎ去除率达９９．２％,ＴＮ去除率达９４．７％。     

滇池富营养化的铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeraginosa Kütz)生长因素的研究

本文对滇池形成富营养化的铜绿微囊藻生长因素的研究。从实验结果得出，光照强度在３０００～５０００Ｌｕｘ；温度在３０～３５℃；营养物质（ＫＨ２ＰＯ４，０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ；ＮａＮＯ３，２ｍｇ／Ｌ）；Ｎ∶Ｐ＝１５∶１条件下生长速度较快。     

光度法测定高浓度化学需氧量

在建立了低浓度化学需氧量光度测定法的基础上，进一步摸索了高浓度ＣＯＤ光度测定法的测试条件，实验证明，在波长６１０ｎｍ，重铬酸钾浓度（１／６Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７）０．５５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的条件下，可以测定２００～２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内的ＣＯＤ，结果令人满意，用该光度法测定的ＣＯＤ与标准滴定法的ＣＯＤ比值在０．９７～１．０３之间。     

江浙沪地区氧化亚氮放量估算

根据ＩＰＣＣ及其他资料提供的方法，对１９９０年江浙沪地区Ｎ２Ｏ气体排放进行了统计计算，包括化石燃料燃烧，化肥挥发，农田土壤释放以及农用烧荒引起的Ｎ２Ｏ气体排放量计算。结果表明氧化亚氮的排放主要来自农田土壤的释放。     

接种稀释水的空白对BOD5测定的影响

从接种液种类、空白ＢＯＤ５大小、接种液最佳添加范围等方面对ＢＯＤ５测定进行探讨，提出以接纳工业废水的河水作为最佳接种液，雨季时以土壤浸取液更适合。探讨了接种液空白值对ＢＯＤ５标液和工业废水的影响，结果表明，河水空白应控制在０．１－０．８ｍｇ／Ｌ土壤浸取液空白控制在０．０１－０．１０ｍｇ／Ｌ为宜。     

湿法烟气脱硫副产N—P复合肥的可行性研究

在水系统中，烟气催化氧化制稀硫酸，用制得的硫酸分解矿石，再用所得滤液加氨脱硫。本试验研究吸收液的ＰＨ，Ｌ／Ｖ，ＣＯ２等条件对脱硫的影响，氧化制酸及分解矿石的工艺条件，从而确定该试验的可行性。研究表明湿法烟气脱硫副产Ｎ－Ｐ复合肥是可行的。ＰＨ大于４．８０，Ｌ／Ｖ大于等于５．５时脱硫率达９７％以上，烟气中ＳＯ２达标排放。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.