基于模糊网络分析法的公路隧道火灾风险综合评价模型

根据安全学原理及火灾事故案例,构建了由"人-机-环境—管理"4个子系统组成的公路隧道火灾风险管理模型,建立了公路隧道火灾风险评价指标体系。所建立的公路隧道火灾风险评价指标体系内部的各个指标是相互联系的,这种联系不是一种递阶形式的层次结构,而是一种网络结构,在确定指标权重时,不能够满足层次分析法所适用的条件,为此在隧道火灾风险评价中引入网络分析法,构造了公路隧道火灾风险评价模糊网络结构。网络分析法既考虑层次之间的影响,也考虑层次内部因素之间的相互影响,有效克服了层次分析法中确定指标权重时只考虑每一层次的各元素对上一层次某元素的优先权重的缺陷,能够给出更加合理的指标权重。在建立的评估指标的基础上,结合模糊数学、网络分析法和专家调查法建立了公路隧道火灾风险"FAND"综合评价模型,并运用该模型对某隧道进行了火灾风险评价,并提出了合理的改进措施。     

地下式水电站火灾危险分析与潜在风险综合评判

通过地下水电站洞室群火灾风险研究为国家地下水电站防火设计规范的修编提供依据.通过故障树分析找出引发地下式水电站火灾事故的因素,采用层次分析法分析各级指标对上级指标的影响权重,并根据专家评分法确定最底层指标.结合指标权重,运用模糊综合评价方法评价地下水电站的火灾风险.结果表明,地下式水电站的火灾风险级别为中.本研究也为其他类型水电站的火灾风险评价提供了参考.     

基于三角模糊结构元的地下商场火灾风险评估

为提升地下商场火灾风险评价系统的可靠性,减少单值评分在指标隶属度赋值中带来的误差,应用三角模糊结构元确定隶属度的方法,结合层次分析法计算指标权重,由风险定义出发,从火灾发生可能性与火灾严重性两个维度,建立了地下商场火灾风险评价三级指标体系。利用三角结构元的几何特征,对火灾风险等级进行排序,并将此评价算法编入程序,开发出地下商场火灾风险评估软件,实现了评价系统的可视化操作。用此系统对沈阳市某地下商场进行了火灾风险评估,得到该商场的火灾风险等级排序：较低风险>低风险>较高风险>高风险>中风险,评价结果为较低风险,与实际消防安全情况一致,验证了三角模糊结构元在地下商场火灾风险评价中的适用性和可靠性。     

基于属性识别模型的建筑物火灾危险性评价

建筑物是一个集人员与财产于一体的系统,一旦发生火灾,后果不堪设想.利用层次分析法并结合属性识别理论,建立了建筑物火灾危险性的层次-属性识别模型.聘请10位专家对建筑物火灾危险性的评价指标体系的24项指标进行评价,利用层次分析法确定各评价指标的权重以计算综合属性测度区间,应用置信度准则和评分准则对建筑物火灾危险性进行属性识别.并对某大学3#教学楼的火灾危险性进行了评价,得出火灾危险性等级为危险性较小,安全性较好,也说明了该建筑物需要进一步采取安全措施,加强安全管理,提高其安全程度,避免火灾事故的发生.     

城市地震火灾风险评估指标体系研究

从多方面系统、全面地研究了城市地震火灾原因及其消防工作。在借鉴民事火灾风险评估指标体系的基础上,结合地震情况下的潜在起火源、城市地震火灾发生的主要原因、城市消防系统在地震火灾的预防及扑救方面所起的作用以及城市环境对地震火灾的影响等因素,建立了城市地震火灾风险评价指标体系。运用专家调查法确定出各指标的相对重要性,采用层次分析法计算出各指标的权重。该项研究为进行城市地震火灾风险评估奠定了理论基础。     

基于模糊综合评价-集值统计法的大型商场外因火灾风险性分析

大型商场火灾发生的原因多种多样,且易造成严重的后果和恶劣的社会影响。为了提高大型商场火灾风险性等级并且为其评价研究提供一种更加合理的评价方法,采用将2级模糊综合评价与集值统计法相结合的模型对大型商场外因火灾的风险性进行评价。根据相关法律法规并借鉴已有研究成果,充分考虑外因火灾的特点(主要从消防设施及能力因素、消防安全管理因素、人员应急疏散因素3个方面进行分析),建立针对大型商场外因火灾的评价指标体系,其中二级指标包括3个,三级指标包括12个。利用集值统计法将评价指标的描述表示为一段区间值,进而确定各评价指标的权重,并对得出的权重进行可靠性分析,采用加权平均模型确定火灾风险性总的相对隶属度,并求出模糊特征向量;最后根据总得分确定火灾的风险性等级。利用该方法对沈阳某大型商场外因火灾危险性进行了评价分析,并与传统的评价方法(层次分析法)相对比,其评价结果都为"二级(好)",表明该方法的评价结果合理。同时分析得到了大型商场火灾防控的薄弱环节,并提出了相应的有效改进措施。     

基于改进模糊层次分析法的危废处置中心风险评估

为适应危废产业的迅猛发展,提高危废处置企业安全风险水平,降低危废处置过程中事故风险的发生概率,从物质风险、生产设施风险、工艺技术风险和管理风险4个一级评价指标着手,选取了19项风险因素作为二级评价指标,构建了危废处置中心风险评估体系结构。建立了基于改进的模糊层次分析法和模糊综合评价的风险评估模型,所采用的改进模糊层次分析法优化了确定权重步骤,解决了传统模糊层次分析法评价过程中一致性检验困难的问题,提高了风险评估工作的科学性和简便性,并对辽西地区危废处置中心作出风险评估,结果表明该处置中心风险等级处于较好状态。     

可发性聚苯乙烯仓库消防安全评价研究

对火灾因素多样,且相互间又具有不确定性和模糊性的仓库火灾危险性分析,可应用层次分析法和模糊评价法相结合而形成的一种评价模式。该模式主要通过运用模糊层次综合评价法并结合层次分析法确定各指标的权重分配,对企业安全状况进行评价,经过专家咨询,将各因素层次化,最终得出模糊评价结果。笔者将该模式应用于实例,对可发性聚苯乙烯仓库进行消防安全研究,实例验证了该模式的可行性,并得知该仓库当前的消防安全程度为"临界的",应当采取适当的消防控制措施。通过理论分析和案例应用,证明该方法既能够充分体现评价因素和评价过程的模糊性,又尽量减少个人主观臆断所带来的弊端,更符合客观实际,其评价结果更可信,可靠。     

建筑火灾风险指数法权重确定

建筑火灾风险指数法中指标权重的确定是一个关键技术问题。本文探讨了基于的AHP的评价指标权重的确定方法,通过专家调查表的形式,邀请40位相关专家评分,通过层次分析法建立判断矩阵,对判断矩阵的计算借助软件Yaahp 0．4．1,得出各位专家的权重值,再采用算术平均法求专家组的综合结果,从而得出总体累计权重的分布。研究结果为厘定火灾保险费率提供依据,为制定财产保险火灾风险评价标准提供技术上的支持,将填补我国在该领域的空白。     

基于信息熵与D-S证据理论的交通安全风险评估

针对交通安全风险评估过程中众多指标难以定量判断,而往往采用专家经验进行评估的情形,为了更好地将专家的定性描述转变为定量分析,提出了一种基于信息熵与D-S证据理论的评估方法。首先利用德尔菲法与模糊分析法相结合的方法进行专家排序和基于熵理论的"盲度"分析,构建了结构熵权法来确定评估指标的权重;然后利用信息熵确定的权重,引入模糊子集来描述证据空间中的事件,从而建立了一种基于模糊子集的D-S证据理论合成方法。最后,以西安市轨道交通运营安全风险为例进行了安全风险评估。实例分析表明,用该理论方法计算得到的交通安全风险评估结果与实际基本吻合。     

自然灾害与地质勘探劳动保护

自然灾害和人密切相关,这不仅表现在自然灾害施予的客体是人,人的伤亡和财产损失是自然灾害的标志,而且表现在自然灾害的发生受人类活动的强烈影响。地质勘探活动是人类改造自然获取财富的主要活动之一。它一方面遭受自然灾害的危害,另一方面存在诱发触发自然灾害的危险,自然灾害已成了地质勘探活动的巨大障碍。自然灾害特别是地质灾害(人工诱发触发地质灾害、地方病)和气象灾害的测、报、防、治、救措施和方法研究是地质勘探劳动保护的重要课题。     

聚乙烯醇/氧化石墨插层纳米复合材料的结构和热分析

制备了聚乙烯醇/氧化石墨插层纳米复合材料,并用X-射线衍射仪和高分辨电镜对其结构进行了表征.X-射线衍射仪和高分辨电镜的试验结果表明,氧化石墨和聚乙烯醇插层氧化石墨的层间距分别为0.89 nm和1.4nm.该纳米复合材料的热分析和热失重图说明,氧化石墨的加入有利于提高聚乙烯醇/氧化石墨纳米复合材料的玻璃化转变温度和氧化温度,同时也降低了其热释放速率.     

基于遗传算法的支持向量机预测有机物自燃点的研究

根据定量构效关系(QSPR)原理,研究自燃点(AIT)与其分子结构间的内在定量关系。以265种有机化合物作为样本集,随机选择238种作为训练集,27种作为测试集,用遗传算法(GA)进行变量选择,分别建立多元线性回归(MLR)模型和支持向量机(SVM)模型研究有机物的自燃点与其分子结构间的关系。通过分析,发现造成模型预测效果不佳的原因是试验数据本身存在问题。通过对2个模型的比较,结果为GA-SVM模型明显优于GA-MLR模型,说明自燃点与其分子结构间具有很强的非线性关系。     

Automation design in advanced control rooms of the modernized nuclear power plants

This study evaluated the effects of levels of automation (LOAs) decisions in advanced control rooms of the modernized nuclear power plants. Following advancements in design of digitalized human–system interfaces (HSIs), the roles of human operators have changed significantly. Negative performance and safety consequences may occur as a result of these changes. These problems are viewed as the out-of-the-loop (OOTL) performance problems. This study conducted an experiment to compare the effects of different LOAs under different operating procedures on operating performance. Experimental results indicated that blended decision-making (level 6 LOA) generates the lowest mental workload. Furthermore, the pattern of SA observed in this study is found better SA at intermediate LOA and poorer SA at low level of automation and full automation. Subjective rating results suggest that LOAs distribute the roles of option generation, and selection between human and/or computer servers which significantly impacts automated system performance. This study provides a direction for the HSI designers in nuclear power plants (NPPs). Additionally, based on results obtained by this study, the user interfaces of PCTRAN system and the alarm reset system should be improved to ensure safe operation of NPPs.     

Influence of ATD versus PMHS reference sensor inputs on computational brain response in frontal impacts to advanced combat helmet (ACH)

ABSTRACT

Objective: This study analyzed the influence of reference sensor inputs from anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) versus postmortem human subjects (PMHSs) on simulations of frontal blunt impacts to the advanced combat helmet (ACH).

Methods: A rigid-arm pendulum was used to generate frontal impacts to ACHs mounted on ATDs and PMHS. An appropriately sized ACH was selected according to standard fitting guidelines. The National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) head was selected for ATD tests due to shape features that enabled a realistic helmet fit. A custom procedure was used to mount a reference sensor internally near the center of gravity (CG) of the PMHS. Reference sensor data from the head CG were used as inputs for the Simulated Injury Monitor (SIMon). Brain responses were assessed with the cumulative strain damage measure set at 10%, or CSDM(10).

Results: Compared to ATD tests, PMHS tests produced 18.7% higher peak linear accelerations and 5.2% higher peak angular velocities. Average times to peak for linear accelerations were relatively similar between ATDs (5.5?ms) and PMHSs (5.8?ms). However, times to peak for angular velocities were higher by a factor of up to 3.4 for PMHSs compared to ATDs. Values for were also higher by a factor of up to 13.1 when PMHS inputs were used for SIMon.

Conclusions: The preliminary findings of this work indicate that small differences in ATD versus PMHS head kinematics could lead to large differences in strain-derived brain injury metrics such as CSDM.     

TMBR+NF/RO组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的工程应用

采用TMBR+NF/RO组合工艺对湖北省宜昌市某垃圾卫生填埋场渗滤液进行处理,介绍了组合工艺的流程、特点、设备规格、技术参数。TMBR系统对可生化降解COD处理后,COD平均质量浓度为822 mg/L,平均去除率为95.8%,对NH_3-N平均去除率为94.9%;经过NF/RO出水的COD平均值为45 mg/L,NH_3-N均小于25mg/L,达到《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889—2008)的排放标准。组合工艺处理成本为29.5元/m3。     

Reliability analysis of subsea blowout preventers with condition-based maintenance using stochastic Petri nets

Blowout Preventer (BOP) has maintained its function as a safety barrier and the last line of defence against oil and gas spills since its development in the early 1900s. However, as drilling and exploration activities move further offshore, challenges pertaining to reliable operation of the subsea BOP systems continue to be a source of concern for stakeholders in the industry. In spite of recent advancements in reliability analysis of safety instrumented systems (SISs), the research on reliability assessment of BOP is still lacking in some regards. There are gaps in the literature with respect to the incorporation of preventive maintenance (PM) strategies as well as dynamic operating conditions into BOP reliability analysis. To address these gaps, this paper develops an advanced analysis method using stochastic Petri nets (SPN) to estimate the reliability of subsea BOP systems subject to condition-based maintenance (CBM) with different failure modes. The BOP system is divided into five subsystems which are connected in series with each other and categorised into degrading and binary units. The performance of the BOP system in terms of availability, reliability and mean-time-between failures (MTBF) is obtained and analysed. A sensitivity analysis is also performed to evaluate the effect of fault coverage factor and redundancy design on system performance. The results show that both the fault coverage factor and redundancy have significant impact on the BOP's reliability, availability and MTBF.     

Safety and kinetic parameters analysis for 1,1,-Di(tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane mixed with monoammonium phosphate

Runaway reactions by organic peroxides have occurred throughout the world. In this study, we used 1,1,-Di(tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane (CH) 70 mass% as the main material, which was extensively employed as initiator for styrene in polymerization. Fire extinguishers are the first fire-fighting apparatus when fires occur. If a fire extinguisher has sat idle for a long time, which would cause the extinguishing agent to damp, it cannot achieve the desired effect and be properly handled at the start of the accident, thereby causing more casualties and property losses. CH 70 mass% was employed to mixed with monoammonium phosphate (MAP) for understanding the phenomenon by applying differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Safety parameters also were carried out for more deeply understanding the basic characteristics for preventing an accident from occurring, in terms of applying CH 70 mass% as the initiator in the manufacturing process.     

引气剂和聚丙烯纤维对高水材料性质的影响研究

为了改变高水材料的破坏特点,采用引气剂和聚丙烯纤维双掺对其进行改性。试验结果表明:随着引气剂掺量的增加,浆体的流动性逐渐降低,混合浆液失流时间延长,试块密度和单轴抗压强度逐渐减小;聚丙烯纤维的掺入,对浆体流动性、失流时间、引气率影响均较小。聚丙烯纤维最佳掺量为2 kg/m3,引气剂和聚丙烯纤维的掺入使硬化体的弹性模量略有减小,且使试块由脆性破坏转变为延性破坏,在保持整体不散的情况下,提高其压缩量。SEM观察表明:钙矾石在气泡壁上集中生成,聚丙烯纤维与基体的界面处有利于针状钙矾石的生成,从而使聚丙烯纤维更好地发挥增强增韧的作用。     

Nonlinear molecular based modeling of the flash point for application in inherently safer design

New chemical process design strategies utilizing computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) can provide significant improvements in process safety by designing chemicals with required target properties and the substitution of safer chemicals. An important aspect of this methodology concerns the prediction of properties given the molecular structure. This study utilizes one such emerging method for prediction of a hazardous property, flash point (FP), which is in the center of attention in safety studies. Using such a reliable data set comprising 1651 organic and inorganic chemicals, from 79 diverse material classes, and robust dynamic binary particle swarm optimization for the feature selection step resulted in the most efficient molecular features of the FP investigations. Apart from the simple yet precise five-parameter multivariate model, the FP nonlinear behavior was thoroughly investigated by a novel hybrid of particle swarm optimization and support vector regression. Besides, 195 missing experimental FPs of the DIPPR data set are predicted via the presented procedure.