裸土风蚀型开放源起尘对城市空气颗粒物的影响评估

多个城市的空气颗粒物源解析结果表明,开放源是北方城市空气颗粒物的最主要贡献者,是影响空气颗粒物达标的重要源类,其中裸土风蚀尘是空气颗粒物最主要来源。以天津市为例,利用箱模型和源解析模型测算了天津市裸土风蚀型开放源的起尘量及其对城市空气颗粒物的贡献值。计算结果表明,裸土风蚀型开放源总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)的起尘量为13.18×104t/a,平均贡献值为103.53μg/m3,PM10的起尘量为5.28×104t/a,平均贡献值为41.45μg/m3。表明裸土风蚀的起尘量对环境空气质量的影响绝不能低估,应该重视裸土风蚀型开放源的污染控制。     

杭州市空气颗粒物污染特征及变化规律研究

根据2006—2010年杭州市空气颗粒物的监测数据及2002、2006、2008年空气颗粒物来源解析结果,对杭州市空气颗粒物浓度、化学组分与污染来源等特征的变化规律进行分析,以期为空气颗粒物污染控制提供决策依据。结果表明,近年来杭州市PM10浓度有所下降,但一类功能区PM10仍超出《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—1996)的要求(≤0.04mg/m3),杭州市空气颗粒物污染以细颗粒物为主,空气颗粒物的二次转化、机动车尾气尘等产生的二次粒子污染相对严重;煤烟尘对杭州市PM10的贡献率下降明显,城市扬尘、二次粒子和机动车尾气尘对PM10的贡献率有所增加,是杭州市PM10的主要来源。     

浙东沿海城市大气颗粒物污染特征及来源解析研究

对2009年夏季浙东沿海地区环境空气质量进行监测,监测大气颗粒物(TSP、PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0)浓度,分析颗粒物污染特征、水溶性离子及无机元素组成,运用化学质量平衡受体模型(CMB模型)对浙东沿海地区大气TSP来源进行解析.结果表明,浙东沿海地区的大气颗粒物主要以细颗粒物为主,颗粒物中主要的水溶性离子为SO2-4、NH+4、Ca2+,土壤尘是该地区大气TSP的主要来源,北仑、乐清和奉化TSP中土壤尘的分担率分别达到55.49%、42.52%、40.70%,各监测点TSP来源具有一定的地域特征.     

西安道路尘中元素分布特征及其来源分析

2009年1月对西安空间范围的道路尘进行采样,分析了其元素含量和空间分布特征。结果表明,道路尘中Si、Al、Fe、Mg、V、Mn、Ni、Rb的来源基本没有受到人为活动的影响,Ca、Na、K、Ti、Co、Zr的来源受到了人为活动的轻微影响,Cr、Ba、As、Sr、Cu、Zn、Pb的来源则明显受到了人为活动的影响;非(轻)污染元素中Si、K、Rb、Zr、Ti在空间上分布较为一致,且相关性较好,其来源主要受黄土地区粉尘沉降的影响,Ca、Fe、Mn等来源复杂,在一定区域的道路尘中其含量受到人为活动的轻微影响;重污染元素中Pb与As的相关性较好,且空间分布较为一致,主要来源于燃煤和农用机动车尾气排放,Ba与Sr、Cu的相关性也较好,但空间分布特征并不完全相同,显示了其来源以及源排放类型的空间差异;道路尘是一种复杂的环境介质,用单一的源、或者源类型来代表整个城市范围内道路尘元素(无论是地壳元素或是污染元素)的来源是不科学的,应该结合每种元素分布状态在空间上客观存在的差异来进行分析。     

杭州市主城区大气颗粒物的酸缓冲能力及来源解析

通过酸缓冲能力的测定实验,研究杭州市主城区大气颗粒物的酸缓冲能力,并利用二重源解析技术,解析了大气颗粒物中碱性组分的来源.结果表明,杭州市主城区大气颗粒物呈弱碱性,对降水酸度有一定的缓冲作用,但作用较小.总体而言,TSP与PM10的酸缓冲能力与其浓度呈负相关,但相关关系不明显,TSP的酸缓冲能力比PM10强.Ca是影响大气颗粒物酸缓冲能力的关键化学组分.TSP的酸缓冲能力主要来自建筑水泥尘.     

宁波市大气可吸入颗粒物PM1o和PM2.5的源解析研究

在宁波市布设4个代表性点位,于2010年春季、夏季和冬季进行大气PM10和PM2.s的采样,同时采集了多种颗粒物源样品,建立了PM10、PM2.5和源样品的化学成分谱.采用化学质量平衡模型(CMB)对宁波市PM10、PM2.5进行源解析.结果表明,城市扬尘、煤烟尘、机动车尾气尘是宁波市PM10、PM2.5的3大污染源,...     

重庆主城区近年一次典型空气重污染过程分析

对2013—2015年重庆主城区空气重污染情况进行统计,并结合地面和高空探测手段,分析了一次典型重污染过程的污染特征。结果表明:重庆主城区秋冬季节的空气污染,以受不利气象条件影响的本地细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))累积污染为主,PM_(2.5)占PM_(10)的平均比例为72%左右;大气能见度与颗粒物浓度、相对湿度均呈现明显的负相关性。典型污染期间的近地层颗粒物污染带主要在0~400 m的高度范围,AOD值高达2.0~2.4,α指数在1.0左右。二次粒子、机动车尾气、扬尘是污染期间重庆主城区PM_(2.5)的主要来源。     

"二重源解析"技术及其系统实现

化学质量平衡是被广泛用于空气质量管理的受体模型之一.由于混合源(城市扬尘)和单一源因颗粒物源谱的严重共线性,采用美国环境保护署推荐使用的EPA-CMB8.2,无法定量解析出各排放源初始态和扬尘态颗粒物的贡献值和分担率.针对这一问题,完善和规范了"二重源解析"技术原理,开发了具有"二重源解析"功能的NKCMB3.0.对鞍山市样品污染物来源解析的试验结果表明,"二重源解析"技术在对混合源和单一源同时进行源解析时是有效的.     

上海市城区径流污染及控制对策

随着城市点源污染控制程度的提高,雨水径流引起的面源污染日益突出.非渗透性地表径流污染成为城市水体污染的主要来源.对上海市城区非渗透性地表径流进行了为期3年的采样调查,监测了COD、BOD5、SS、NH3-N、TP和TN等污染物指标,并估算了单位面积径流年污染负荷.结合上海市实际情况,提出了城区径流污染控制的综合策略.     

农林生物质燃烧尘中碳组分与水溶性无机离子的分布特征

以吕梁的小米秆、豆秆、玉米秆、树叶和草叶5种典型农林生物质为研究对象进行燃烧实验用武汉天虹TH450C型中流量大气综合采样仪对排放的烟尘进行采集。分析其碳组分(有机碳OC和元素碳EC)及水溶性无机离子,以期为颗粒物来源研究提供重要数据支撑。结果显示:5种农林生物质燃烧尘中,TC(total carbon)在颗粒物中所占比例介于62.37%~73.46%之间,碳组分是农林生物质燃烧尘的重要组成部分其中尤其以树叶燃烧尘中OC和EC的百分含量最大,分別达到39.78%和33.68%;生物质燃烧尘中碳组分的百分含量仅次于机动车尾气尘,但远大于煤烟尘、土壤风沙尘、建筑水泥尘和道路尘等源;OC/EC值介于1.15~1.26之间,该值可以初步用来作为判定农林生物质燃烧的ー个重要指标;K~+,Na~+,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、NH_4~+、F~-C1~-、S0_4~(2-)和NO_3_等9种水溶性无机离子之和在颗粒物中所占比例介于18.22%~24.12%之间,水溶性无机离子是农林生物质燃烧尘的重要组成部分;S0_4~(2-)、K~+、Cl~-、F~-是4种最主要的水溶性性无机离子;生物质燃烧尘中K~+主要以KCl的形式存在。     

Determination of buffering capacity of total suspended particle and its source apportionment using the chemical mass balance approach

The samples of total suspended particle (TSP) from sources and TSP in the ambient atmosphere were collected in 2006 at Tianjin, People's Republic of China and analyzed for 16 chemical elements, two water-soluble ions, total carbon, and organic carbon. On the basis of the chemical mass balance (CMB) model, the contributions of different TSP sources to the ambient TSP were identified. The results showed that resuspended dust has the biggest contributions to the concentration of ambient TSP. The buffering capacity of each TSP source was also determined by an analytical chemistry method, and the result showed that the constructive dust (the dust emitted from construction work) had the strongest buffering capacity among the measured sources, whereas the coal combustion dust had the weakest buffering capacity. A calculation formula of the source of buffering capacity of ambient TSP was developed based on the result of TSP source apportionment and the identification of the buffering capacity of each TSP source in this study. The results of the source apportionment of the buffering capacity of ambient TSP indicated that open sources (including soil dust, resuspended dust, and constructive dust) were the dominant sources of the buffering capacity of the ambient TSP. Acid rain pollution in cities in Northern China might become serious with a decrease of open source pollution without reducing acidic sources. More efforts must be made to evaluate this potential risk, and countermeasures should be proposed as early as possible.     

An Inventory of Particulate Emissions from Open Sources

Open sources are those stationary sources of air pollution too great in extent to be controlled through enclosure or ducting. Open sources of atmospheric particles include: wind erosion, tilling, and prescribed burning of agricultural cropland; surface mining and wind erosion of tailings piles; vehicular travel on both paved and unpaved roads; construction site activity; and forest fires. It is estimated that in 1976 the total open source emissions of particles in the U.S. amounted to over 580 × 10⁶ ton. These estimates indicate that emissions from the two largest open source classes, travel on unpaved roads and agricultural wind erosion, accounted for 86% of this total. The open source emissions in ten states (AZ, CA, KS, MN, MT, NM, ND, OH, SD, TX) contributed 6 2% of the national emissions for 1976.     

Source contribution of atmospheric aerosols in Bangkok metropolitan area by CMB8 receptor model

The CMB₈ model was applied for source apportionment of particulate matter in Bangkok area. The 24 h of ambient data were collected and analysed for elemental composition during December 1996 to January 1997 by high volume air samplers at a station in Bangkok, Thailand. Seven source profiles and the average mass concentrations of 42 ambient data were used to run the chemical mass balance (CMB₈) model. The source apportionment by CMB₈ gave similar results comparing with factor analysis – multiple regression (FA–MR) model of the same data. The results revealed that major sources of particulate matter in Bangkok were: soil (33%), road dust (33%) and automobile (15%). The minor source contributions were: sea salt (4.34%), refuse incineration and biomass burning (0.84%), steel mill (0.62%) and fuel oil combustion (0.35%). The lack of source profile for biomass or open burning in Bangkok resulted in much lower predicted contribution of this source when compared to that from FA–MR. When apply this CMB₈ model with daily ambient data, the result revealed that one fourth of daily CMB₈ source apportionment had high value of ² (>4). These exceedance values of Chi² also point out that one of the selected sources (biomass burning) may not be the true contributing sources. Presumably, accurate biomass burning source profile is needed to improve the CMB calculation of source contributions for particulate matter in Bangkok metropolitan area.     

Land Use-related Chemical Composition of Street Sediments in Beijing

BACKGROUND: More than 10 million people are currently living in Beijing. This city faces severe anthropogenic air pollution caused by an intense vehicle increase (11% per year in China), coal combusting power plants, heavy industry, huge numbers of household and restaurant cookers, and domestic heating stoves. Additionally, each year dust storms are carrying particulate matter from the deserts of Gobi and Takla Makan towards Beijing, especially in spring. Other geogenic sources of particulate matter which contribute to the air pollution are bare soils, coal heaps and construction sites occurring in and around Beijing. Streets function as receptor surfaces for atmospheric dusts. Thus, street sediments consist of particles of different chemical compositions from many different sources, such as traffic, road side soils and industry. METHODS: Distributions and concentrations of various chemical elements in street sediments were investigated along a rural-urban transect in Beijing, China. Chemical elements were determined with X-ray fluorescence analysis. Factor analysis was used to extract most important element sources contributing to particulate pollution along a main arterial route of the Chinese capital. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The statistical evaluation of the data by factor analysis identifies three main anthropogenic sources responsible for the contamination of Beijing street sediments. The first source is a steel factory in the western part of Beijing. From this source, Mn, Fe, and Ti were emitted into the atmosphere through chimneys and by wind from coal heaps used as the primary energy source for the factory. The second source is a combination of traffic, domestic heating and some small factories in the center of Beijing discharging Cu, Pb, Zn and Sn. Calcium and Cr characterize a third anthropogenic element source of construction materials such as concrete and mortar. Beside the anthropogenic contamination, some elements like Y, Zr, Nb, Ce, and Rb are mainly derived from natural soils and from the deserts. This is supported by mineral phase analysis, which showed a clear imprint of material in road dusts coming from the West-China deserts. CONCLUSIONS: Our results clearly show that the chemical composition of urban road dusts can be used to identify distinct sources responsible for their contamination. The study demonstrates that the chemistry of road dusts is an important monitor to assess the contamination in the urban environment. Chemical composition of street sediments in Beijing comprises the information of different sources of atmospheric particles. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: This study is only a small contribution to the understanding of substance fluxes related to Beijing's dust. More effort is required to assess Beijing's dust fluxes, since the dust harms the living quality of the inhabitants. Especially the measurable superimposing of long scale transported dust from dry regions with the anthropogenic polluted urban dust makes investigations of Beijing's dust scientifically valuable.     

The Transport of Suspended Particulates as a Function of Wind Direction and Atmospheric Conditions

Linear regression of high volume air sampler data and various meteorological parameters was used to determine a suspended particulate air pollution climatology for Albany, NY. A new method for exhibiting associations between wind direction and pollutant levels using correlation coefficients is presented. Correlations between wind direction distribution frequency and other meteorological parameters is employed to help explain differences in correlations for direction with suspended particulate levels. Results show that high particulate concentrations correlate well with southerly wind flow throughout the study area, regardless of relative location of receptor to local sources. This suggests that ambient background concentrations inherent in different air masses more consistently affected suspended particulate levels than did the diffusion from local sources during the study period. Maximum particulate advection occurs under conditions of good mixing of the boundary layer and moderate wind speeds and is enhanced further in the absence of removal processes such as rainout and washout. Trajectory analysis of selected days indicates a definite relationship between path and origin of the wind flow and regional average particulate concentration.     

Fractionation of atmospheric acid and base components within storm events by precipitation scavenging processes

Concentrations of ions in storm rainwater in Texas have been monitored for each 0.254 mm increment of precipitation. The changes in concentrations have been analyzed to investigate the role of differential rates of scavenging of particulate matter of differing particle size, and especially the major acid and base components. The empirical trend at the onset of rainfall is a chemical fractionation of acids and bases with correspondingly wide pH variations. These results are confirmed by model calculations, which show a significant preferential scavenging of calcium relative to sulfate in the first 10 mm of rainfall, resulting in fractionation of bases and acids from their atmospheric concentrations. Previous studies, using Target Transformation Factor Analysis of ion concentrations in storm precipitation and regional ambient aerosol data, statistically determined the average source for acidic secondary species and alkaline particulate matter. Two types of crustal sources were identified as western and eastern soil dust. In this study, an alternate physical explanation for these two soil dust factors is offered. As a storm progresses, the elements in the local soil dust are fractionated as a result of their differential rates of precipitation scavenging, enriching species predominantly in the fine particle size and depleting elements predominantly in the coarse particle size. This fractionation process results in a single source having different elemental ratios at the beginning and at the end of a rain event. For Austin, Dallas, and Tyler, Texas, the soil dust previously identified as being from eastern sources could, instead, be a fractionated form of the western soil source.     

Source apportionment of ambient total suspended particulates and coarse particulate matter in urban areas of Jiaozuo, China

Approximately 750 total suspended particulates (TSPs) and coarse particulate matter (PM10) filter samples from six urban sites and a background site and >210 source samples were collected in Jiaozuo City during January 2002 to April 2003. They were analyzed for mass and abundances of 25 chemical components. Seven contributive sources were identified, and their contributions to ambient TSP/PM10 levels at the seven sites in three seasons (spring, summer, and winter days) and a "whole" year were estimated by a chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model. The spatial TSP average was high in spring and winter days at a level of approximately 530 microg/m(3) and low in summer days at 456 microg/m(3); however, the spatial PMo0 average exhibited little variation at a level of approximately 325 microg/m(3), and PM10-to-TSP ratios ranged from 0.58 to 0.81, which suggested heavy particulate matter pollution existing in the urban areas. Apportionment results indicated that geological material was the largest contributor to ambient TSP/PM10 concentrations, followed by dust emissions from construction activities, coal combustion, secondary aerosols, vehicle movement, and other industrial sources. In addition, paved road dust and re-entrained dust were also apportioned to the seven source types and found soil, coal combustion, and construction dust to be the major contributors.     

Uptake of PAHs by cabbage root and leaf in vegetable plots near a large coking manufacturer and associations with PAHs in cabbage core

Samples of ambient air (including gaseous and particulate phases), dust fall, surface soil, rhizosphere soil, core (edible part), outer leaf, and root of cabbage from eight vegetable plots near a large coking manufacturer were collected during the harvest period. Concentrations, compositions, and distributions of parent PAHs in different samples were determined. Our results indicated that most of the parent PAHs in air occurred in the gaseous phase, dominated by low molecular weight (LMW) species with two to three rings. Specific isomeric ratios and principal component analysis were employed to preliminarily identify the local sources of parent PAHs emitted. The main emission sources of parent PAHs could be apportioned as a mixture of coal combustion, coking production, and traffic tailing gas. PAH components with two to four rings were prevailing in dust fall, surface soil, and rhizosphere soil. Concentrations of PAHs in surface soil exhibited a significant positive correlation with topsoil TOC fractions. Compositional profiles in outer leaf and core of cabbage, dominated by LMW species, were similar to those in the local air. Overall, the order of parent PAH concentration in cabbage was outer leaf > root > core. Partial correlation analysis and multivariate linear stepwise regression revealed that PAH concentrations in cabbage core were closely associated with PAHs present both in root and in outer leaf, namely, affected by adsorption, then absorption, and translocation of PAHs from rhizosphere soil and ambient air, respectively.     

Application of Infrared Spectroscopy to Exhaust Gas Analysis

Abstract

The Mohave Valley region of southern Nevada/southwestern Arizona has experienced elevated particulate concentrations and is classified as a PM₁₀ nonattainment area. Anthropogenic aerosol sources in the area include the Mohave Power Project (MPP), a 1,580-MW coal-fired power plant; motor vehicles; construction activities; and paved and unpaved road dust and disturbed desert soil. Aerosols may also be transported long distances from other areas, such as the Los Angeles Basin. Based on the infrequency of plume contact at sites in the valley (as determined by SO₂ measurements), it was believed that the contribution of the MPP to primary PM₁₀ was minimal and that fugitive dust was the primary source of ambient particulate matter.

To evaluate the magnitude of source contributors, PM₁₀ measurements were made using a medium-volume sampler along with ancillary meteorological and air quality measurements in the Mohave Valley at Bullhead City, Arizona, for a period of longer than one year (September 1988 through mid-October 1989). The aerosol filter samples were analyzed for mass, elements, ions, and carbon. Source apportionment using the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) receptor model was performed. On average, geological dust was the major contributor to PM10 (79.5%), followed by primary motor vehicle sources (16.7%), secondary ammonium sulfate (3.5%), secondary ammonium nitrate (0.1%), and primary coal-fired power plant emissions (0.1%).