裸土风蚀型开放源起尘机制研究进展

中国北方多个城市空气颗粒物来源解析结果表明,开放源是空气颗粒物污染的主要来源,裸土风蚀型开放源是主要的排放源类.对裸土风蚀型开放源起尘机制进行了诠释,提出了裸土风蚀型开放源、裸土风蚀起尘、裸土风蚀尘的概念,并对裸土风蚀型开放源的风蚀影响因素进行了研究,为城市空气质量达标及空气颗粒物污染防治提供科学参考.     

杭州市空气颗粒物污染特征及变化规律研究

根据2006—2010年杭州市空气颗粒物的监测数据及2002、2006、2008年空气颗粒物来源解析结果,对杭州市空气颗粒物浓度、化学组分与污染来源等特征的变化规律进行分析,以期为空气颗粒物污染控制提供决策依据。结果表明,近年来杭州市PM10浓度有所下降,但一类功能区PM10仍超出《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—1996)的要求(≤0.04mg/m3),杭州市空气颗粒物污染以细颗粒物为主,空气颗粒物的二次转化、机动车尾气尘等产生的二次粒子污染相对严重;煤烟尘对杭州市PM10的贡献率下降明显,城市扬尘、二次粒子和机动车尾气尘对PM10的贡献率有所增加,是杭州市PM10的主要来源。     

应用化学质量平衡模型解析烟台市污染源的排放贡献率

根据烟台地区污染排放特点,应用化学质量平衡模型（CMB8）进行污染源解析分析,得出每个污染源对于受体地区颗粒物体样本的排放贡献率。最终的模型结果显示,建筑尘和居民烯煤锅炉排放,海洋尘和冶炼厂排放对于大气环境污染也有一定的贡献,以上分析可以为城市污染源治理提供一定的依据。     

南京城市森林植物叶面颗粒物的含量特征

采集了6个功能区(文教区绿地、城市公园绿地、居住区绿地、商业区绿地、工业区绿地和城市天然林)距离交通密集区不同位置(主干道、二级道路、绿地中心)的3种植物(法桐(Platanus orientalis Linn.)、桂花(Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb.)Lour.)、红叶石楠(Photinia×Fraseri))的叶面颗粒物,定量分析了南京城市森林植物叶面颗粒物的含量及粒径分布。结果表明:(1)3种植物叶面单位面积滞尘量大小依次为红叶石楠((6.189±1.255)g/m~2)、桂花((3.739±0.877)g/m~2)、法桐((2.753±0.744)g/m~2)。红叶石楠植物叶面单位面积滞尘量最高,分别约为桂花和法桐的1.7、2.2倍,且距离交通密集区越近,植物叶面单位面积滞尘量越高;(2)植物叶面颗粒物以粒径10.0～250.0μm的颗粒物为主,但其粒径分布受到植物种类、功能区以及距离交通密集区的远近影响。(3)植物叶面单位面积滞尘量受到植物生理特征、环境因素及尘源特征的共同影响。     

"二重源解析"技术及其系统实现

化学质量平衡是被广泛用于空气质量管理的受体模型之一.由于混合源(城市扬尘)和单一源因颗粒物源谱的严重共线性,采用美国环境保护署推荐使用的EPA-CMB8.2,无法定量解析出各排放源初始态和扬尘态颗粒物的贡献值和分担率.针对这一问题,完善和规范了"二重源解析"技术原理,开发了具有"二重源解析"功能的NKCMB3.0.对鞍山市样品污染物来源解析的试验结果表明,"二重源解析"技术在对混合源和单一源同时进行源解析时是有效的.     

潍坊市环境受体中PM2.5污染特征与精细化来源解析

为掌握潍坊市PM2.5的主要来源、各排放源对PM2.5的贡献与内陆、沿海城市的差别,采集了潍坊市2017年不同季节环境受体中PM2.5样品和源样品,分析了样品中的化学组分,建立了源成分谱和受体组分数据库,基于复合受体模型和源排放量等对潍坊市PM2.5进行了来源解析。结果表明:(1)PM2.5和化学组分浓度总体表现为秋冬季较高、春夏季较低。(2)潍坊市源解析结果总体介于沿海城市和内陆城市之间。(3)精细化源解析表明:煤烟尘是首要的贡献源类,其分担率达到36.0%,其中电厂、工业、民用燃煤的分担率分别为14.4%、18.0%和3.6%;机动车尘的分担率达到25.4%,其中载客、载货、其他汽车的分担率分别为6.3%、14.0%和5.1%;扬尘中土壤风沙尘、建筑水泥尘的分担率分别为10.1%和11.7%;工艺过程的贡献相对较低(3.9%)。     

宁波市大气可吸入颗粒物PM1o和PM2.5的源解析研究

在宁波市布设4个代表性点位,于2010年春季、夏季和冬季进行大气PM10和PM2.s的采样,同时采集了多种颗粒物源样品,建立了PM10、PM2.5和源样品的化学成分谱.采用化学质量平衡模型(CMB)对宁波市PM10、PM2.5进行源解析.结果表明,城市扬尘、煤烟尘、机动车尾气尘是宁波市PM10、PM2.5的3大污染源,...     

郑州市裸露地面风蚀扬尘排放清单研究

以郑州市为研究对象,2013年为基准年,通过提取卫星遥感资料中的土地利用信息,利用排放系数法计算郑州市裸露地面风蚀扬尘源中PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)的排放系数及年排放量,并对排放量做分辨率为1km×1km的空间分配,建立郑州市裸露地面风蚀扬尘源颗粒物的排放清单。结果表明:郑州市裸露地面类型主要为北部黄河滩涂,西部嵩山裸露山体以及中东部建筑施工、土方开挖等形成的空地;郑州市裸露地面面积为208km~2,占郑州市总面积的2.8%;2013年郑州市裸露地面风蚀扬尘中PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、TSP的排放系数分别为(3.36±2.24)、(20.16±13.44)、(67.21±44.81)t/(km~2·a),PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、TSP年排放量分别为597、3 581、11 937t。     

北方城市分季节SO_2允许排放量分配技术方法

北方城市采暖季和非采暖季污染源排放特征以及气象扩散条件具有显著差异,针对不同季节污染状况,利用排放绩效法,结合Calpuff环境空气质量模型建立了分季节SO2允许排放量分配技术方法,并以乌鲁木齐市为例进行应用,对2012年SO2分季节的允许排放量进行核算。结果表明,SO2年允许排放量为8.8×104 t,削减率为27.4%。其中采暖季电厂燃煤源、工业燃煤源的SO2允许排放量分别为0.99×104、2.3×104 t,非采暖季电厂燃煤源和工业燃煤源的SO2允许排放量分别为1.3×104、4.2×104 t,结果能满足乌鲁木齐市"总量减排和环境质量双达标"的要求。与传统方法相比,分季节核算污染物允许排放量能更好地实现环境容量的优化配置,引导企业合理地进行工业产量的季节分配。     

天津市臭氧污染特征及来源解析研究

使用天津市2013—2017年的连续臭氧观测数据,分析了天津市的臭氧污染特征,并使用基于排放清单处理模型(SMOKE)/中尺度气象模型(WRF)/多尺度空气质量模型(CAMx)的臭氧来源解析技术对天津市不同季节的臭氧来源情况进行研究。结果表明,天津市臭氧污染整体波动变化,年均浓度总体呈现先下跌后上升的趋势;天津市臭氧夏季浓度较高,春季、秋季浓度较低,冬季浓度最低。天津市臭氧污染区域性特征明显,区域输送贡献远大于本地贡献,本地臭氧来源贡献率仅占8%～20%。河北省、山东省、内蒙古自治区等地区污染物排放对天津市臭氧污染有较大贡献。天津市本地源对臭氧的贡献季节差异较大,其中工业源贡献较大,其在春季、秋季对臭氧贡献率分别为49%、43%。夏季天然源、工业源、交通源与电厂源对臭氧贡献率较为接近,均在20%～30%;冬季其他源(包括生物质燃烧源、居民燃烧源等)对臭氧贡献率最大,为54%。未来应根据臭氧污染来源的地域特征和季节特征采取不同臭氧污染防治策略。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。