实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

简讯

浙江省环境监测质量控制和水质网络会议十一月初在温州市召开。会议特邀中国环境监测总站高级工程师章亚麟作了分析质量控制的学术报告,省站有关同志就实验室基础、数据处理和数理统计、永质监测质量保证、实验室质量控制程序等基础知识作     

水环境监测实验室的质量控制和质量保证

质量控制和质量保证是水环境监测工作的重要组成部分,质量体系是实验室内部实施质量管理的法规,覆盖了监测样品、监测过程、仪器设备、人员素质、设施与环境、量值溯源与校准、检验方法和化学试剂等全部质量控制要求。能够准确地反应水环境质量现状和预测污染的发展趋势。     

质量控制在水质分析中的应用

质量控制是实验室化学分析的一种有效的科学管理方法,它包括外部质量控制和内部质量控制。外部质量控制一般每年作一次或两次参考样品的分析,以了解或证实该实验室提供可信数据的能力;内部质量控制系指分析未知样品时作控制样品的分析,以鉴别未知样品的分析结果的可靠性。本文结合实际工作,重点介绍实验室内部质量控制的方法。现将水质分析中质量控制的方法、影响质量控制的基本因素等分述如下。     

扬中市环境监测站实验室认可中的质量保证

介绍了扬中市环境监测站在创建实验室认可的过程中，将环境监测全过程的质量保证措施纳入质量体系文件，并通过检查实施情况，实现对环境监测全过程的质量管理。     

“国家水专项太湖流域水生态功能分区与质量目标管理技术示范课题研讨会”在杭州顺利召开

“国家水专项（07526-007）太湖流域水生态功能分区与质量目标管理技术示范课题（以下简称太湖课题）研讨会”于2009年4月2～3日在杭州召开，会议由课题负责人中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所闵庆文研究员主持，浙江省环境保护局监科处陈爱民处长、浙江省环境保护科学设计研究院陈德全副院长、江苏省环境科学研究院程炜副院长及各子课题负责人和研究骨干共计28人到会。陈德全作为浙江片区水环境质量目标管理示范子课题负责人向会议作了工作汇报。浙江省环境保护科学设计研究院环境政策与标准研究所、浙江省环境监测中心和湖州市环境监测站相关人员也参加了会议。     

论环境监测实验室的HSE管理

对环境监测实验室的安全、环保与健康的管理作了全面的阐述，提出应实行程序化、制度化、规范化和一体化的管理，并建立HSE管理体系。这是实施实验室国家认可的要求，也是环境监测实验室走向标准化和现代化的重要标志。     

关于开展第二轮清洁生产审核的一些建议

中国目前制定的清洁生产审核程序主要为企业开展第一轮清洁生产审核提供指导,在开展第二轮清洁生产审核时,需要根据实际情况做出调整,以便有效开展第二轮清洁生产审核。针对企业第一轮实施清洁生产的现状,清洁生产审核过程发现的问题以及审核结束后这些问题的改善成效,提出第二轮清洁生产审核的一些建议,为企业有效开展第二轮清洁生产审核提供参考。     

浙江部署太湖流域水环境综合治理和蓝藻应对应急工作

2008年5月5日上午，浙江省政府在湖州召开会议，研究部署太湖流域水环境综合治理和2008年的蓝藻应对应急工作。会议强调，要进一步认清形势，明确任务，以高度的政治责任感、科学的态度和务实的作风做好蓝藻应对应急工作，确保城乡居民饮用水安全。     

国家标准环境监测实验室建设的思考

围绕环境监测现代化建设目标，提出了实现实验室标准化管理的必要性，阐述了实验室认可的发展及认可的内容，探讨了创建标准化实验室实施的要点。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.