Ca/Mg负载改性沼渣生物炭对水中磷的吸附特性

为处理含磷废水和实现沼渣资源化利用,将农业废弃物沼渣制备成生物炭(ZZs),通过Ca Cl2和MgCl2溶液对其进行浸渍改性,探究改性沼渣生物炭(CMZZs)对水体中磷的吸附特征.结果表明,改性后沼渣生物炭钙镁含量分别是改性前的1. 3和15. 4倍; SEM-EDS、BET、FTIR和XRD等测定表明,改性未改变生物炭表面化学官能团种类,但改性后生物炭出现新的衍射峰,与标准卡片对比后认为可能存在Mg(OH)_2、MgO等物质.当温度为303 K,溶液pH为9. 0时,CMZZs最大吸附量为76. 92 mg·g~(-1),是改性前的30. 1倍.等温吸附实验数据符合Freundlich方程,为多层吸附.吸附动力学分析发现,改性后生物炭在100 min内基本达到吸附平衡,吸附过程符合假二级动力学方程,以化学吸附为主.上述结果说明钙镁改性沼渣生物炭对于去除水中磷具有潜在价值.     

稻草秸秆对水中六价铬去除效果的研究

为实现农业废料资源化,解决水体Cr(Ⅵ)污染的问题,研究了稻草秸秆对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效果。实验考察了pH,温度,溶液初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度以及稻草秸秆粒径大小对吸附效果的影响,进而确定了稻草秸秆去除Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳条件。结果表明,在pH2.0,温度47℃时,稻草秸秆对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附效果最好,在48h内可将100mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)完全去除。利用酒石酸对稻草秸秆进行化学改性,研究其对溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除以及溶液pH的变化。Cr(Ⅵ)的去除过程中伴随着Cr(Ⅲ)的出现,说明改性稻草秸秆(TARS)不仅可以将Cr(Ⅵ)从溶液中去除,且还可将其转化成低毒的Cr。溶液pH的上升说明Cr(Ⅵ)的去除需要消耗溶液中的H+。通过RS和TARS对Cr(Ⅵ)的热力学吸附过程的进一步分析,结果表明:RS和TARS对Cr的吸附均较符合Langmuir吸附等温模式,其中TARS的最大吸附容量可以达到5.266mg/g。     

生物炭的制备及其性能研究

以生物质(小麦秸秆、稻壳和木屑)为原料,KOH为浸渍剂,采用控制热分解的方法制备生物炭,并利用差热/热重分析、Boehm滴定、红外光谱、X射线衍射、碘吸附及亚甲基蓝吸附等方法对原料和生物炭的结构及性质进行了表征。实验结果表明:木屑在热解过程中质量损失最大,其次是稻壳和小麦秸秆;不同原料在相同炭化温度下制得的生物炭所含表面含氧官能团种类和总量相近,均含有烷基、芳香基及一些含氧官能团,但pH值和吸附能力差别较大,其中小麦秸秆制备的生物炭pH值最大,木屑制备的生物炭吸附能力最强;随着炭化温度的升高,生物炭表面含氧官能团总量减少,pH值升高,芳构化程度增加;生物炭吸附性能总体呈上升的趋势。     

Ca/Mg负载改性沼渣生物炭对水中磷的吸附特性

为处理含磷废水和实现沼渣资源化利用,将农业废弃物沼渣制备成生物炭(ZZs),通过CaCL2和MgCL2溶液对其进行浸渍改性,探究改性沼渣生物炭(CMZZs)对水体中磷的吸附特征。结果表明,改性后沼渣生物炭钙镁含量分别是改性前的1.3和15.4倍;SEM-EDS、BET、FTIR和XRD等技术表明,改性未改变生物炭表面化学官能团种类,但改性后生物炭出现新的衍射峰,与标准卡片对比后可能存在Mg(OH)2、MgO等物质。当温度为303K,溶液pH为9.0时,CMZZs最大吸附量为76.92mg·g-1,是改性前的30.1倍。等温吸附实验数据符合Freundlich方程,为多层吸附。吸附动力学分析发现,改性后生物炭在100min内基本达到吸附平衡,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,以化学吸附为主。上述结果说明钙镁改性沼渣生物炭对于去除水中磷具有潜在价值。     

改性稻壳生物炭对水溶液中甲基橙的吸附效果与机制

本文以废弃稻壳为原料,通过不同改性方法将其制成生物炭吸附剂,并用于水体中甲基橙(MO)的吸附.通过氮吸附、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶转换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜分析(SEM)、热重分析(TG)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术分析了改性剂种类、浸渍比和热解温度对生物炭的物理化学性质及对MO吸附量的影响,发现热解温度为400℃,以ZnCl_2为改性剂,浸渍比为2∶1时制备的生物炭Z2RT400对MO的去除效果最好.以Z2RT400为吸附剂,探究吸附剂添加量、吸附时间、初始污染物浓度、溶液pH等对甲基橙吸附效果的影响,结果表明,饱和吸附时间为420 min,吸附反应的最佳pH为4,当吸附剂用量为10 mg,初始甲基橙浓度为2 000 mg·L~(-1)时,Z2RT400对MO的最大吸附量可达1 967. 72 mg·g~(-1);当吸附剂添加量为80 mg时,去除率最高可达99. 52%.此外,对吸附机制进行分析,发现吸附等温线数据符合Freundlich模型,吸附动力学数据符合拟二级动力学模型,说明吸附以化学吸附为主,物理吸附为辅.因此,废弃稻壳为原料改性制备的生物炭可作为高效的有机染料吸附剂,并应用于水体中污染物的治理.     

改性大豆秸秆生物炭对咪唑乙烟酸的吸附

700℃热解温度下制备大豆秸秆生物炭,并利用酸、碱、氨基修饰和铁磁化4种方法对其进行改性,比较4种改性大豆秸秆生物炭对咪唑乙烟酸的吸附性能及机制,同时考察溶液pH值、温度和添加量对吸附效果的影响,并探讨了改性大豆秸秆生物炭在提高土壤对咪唑乙烟酸吸附固定能力中的应用效果.结果表明,在pH值为2~4的酸性环境中,改性大豆秸秆生物炭吸附效果更好;相对于其他3种方法,铁磁化改性大豆秸秆生物炭对咪唑乙烟酸具有更好的吸附性能,吸附符合准一级动力学模型和Langmuir模型,且Langmuir模型拟合结果表明其对咪唑乙烟酸的最大吸附量可达338.785mg/g;添加1%铁磁性改性大豆秸秆生物炭的土壤对咪唑乙烟酸吸附量提高为对照组的2.37倍.     

改性大豆秸秆生物炭对咪唑乙烟酸的吸附

700℃热解温度下制备大豆秸秆生物炭,并利用酸、碱、氨基修饰和铁磁化4种方法对其进行改性,比较4种改性大豆秸秆生物炭对咪唑乙烟酸的吸附性能及机制,同时考察溶液pH值、温度和添加量对吸附效果的影响,并探讨了改性大豆秸秆生物炭在提高土壤对咪唑乙烟酸吸附固定能力中的应用效果.结果表明,在pH值为2~4的酸性环境中,改性大豆秸秆生物炭吸附效果更好;相对于其他3种方法,铁磁化改性大豆秸秆生物炭对咪唑乙烟酸具有更好的吸附性能,吸附符合准一级动力学模型和Langmuir模型,且Langmuir模型拟合结果表明其对咪唑乙烟酸的最大吸附量可达338.785mg/g;添加1%铁磁性改性大豆秸秆生物炭的土壤对咪唑乙烟酸吸附量提高为对照组的2.37倍.     

复合金属改性生物炭对水体中低浓度磷的吸附性能

通过FeCl_3和KMnO_4溶液对果壳生物炭进行浸渍改性,探索复合改性生物炭(Fe:Mn=1:1)对低浓度磷的吸附性能.结果表明,铁锰复合改性生物炭对低浓度磷的吸附效果远远大于铁改性及锰改性; SEM和FT-IR测定表明,铁锰复合改性后生物炭表面可能存在铁锰氧化物和铁氢氧化物.在磷浓度为0. 5 mg·L~(-1)、温度为298 K、固液比(mg∶L)为500时,吸附量为0. 96 mg·g~(-1).当溶液的pH为4～10,均具有较高的去除率和吸附量.等温吸附实验数据符合Freundlich方程,为多层吸附.吸附热力学研究表明,ΔG~θ0、ΔH~θ 0和ΔS~θ 0,说明该吸附是自发、熵增加的吸热过程.吸附动力学分析发现,改性后生物炭在60 min内基本达到吸附平衡,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,以化学吸附为主.可为天然水体和污水处理厂低浓度除磷提供理论数据支撑.     

铁锰氧化物/生物炭复合材料对水中硝酸根的吸附特性

热解经过氯化铁和高锰酸钾浸渍的小麦秸秆,制备铁锰金属氧化物/生物炭复合材料,用以去除水中硝酸根.通过X射线光电子能谱和扫描电镜分析,发现复合材料表面形成了Fe(Ⅲ)/Mn(Ⅳ)二元金属氧化物颗粒.制备优化结果表明,复合材料比表面积可达153.116 m2·g-1,零电荷点可达9.76.同时,还调查了固液比、溶液初始pH值和共存阴离子等因素的影响.研究发现,复合材料在溶液pH值1.00~9.05时对NO-3的去除率维持在75.40%~78.70%,且以配位交换为主要吸附机制.共存阴离子对吸附NO-3竞争吸附的影响顺序为:Cl-SO2-4PO3-4.等温吸附实验数据符合Langmuir方程,且最大吸附量为37.361 3 mg·g-1.吸附动力学分析发现,吸附过程遵循二级动力学方程,且以化学吸附为主.热动力学分析表明,吸附过程为自发吸热过程.上述结果说明铁锰氧化物/生物炭复合材料对于去除水中NO-3具有潜在价值.     

不同类型吸附剂去除水体中Sb(Ⅴ)的对比研究

本文对比研究了沸石、酸碱改性沸石、硅藻土、酸改性硅藻土、锰改性硅藻土、水葫芦干粉末、酸碱改性水葫芦干粉末、煤灰、煤渣、稻草秸秆粉末(40目)、稻草秸秆颗粒(粒径0.5cm)、玉米秸秆粉末(40目)、玉米秸秆颗粒(粒径0.5cm)、陶粒、铁氧化物改性陶粒等15种吸附材料吸附去除水体中Sb(Ⅴ)的效果。结果表明,在固液比为1 g∶50 m L,初始溶液p H=7.5±0.5,反应温度为25±2℃,震荡速率150 r/min,初始Sb(Ⅴ)浓度为1000μg/L,吸附反应时间为5h条件下,15种吸附材料对Sb(Ⅴ)具有显著不同的吸附效果,吸附量大小依次为煤渣铁氧化物改性陶粒锰改性硅藻土酸碱改性水葫芦干粉末煤灰玉米秸秆粉末酸碱改性沸石酸改性硅藻土玉米秸秆颗粒稻草秸秆粉末沸石稻草秸秆颗粒陶粒水葫芦硅藻土。通过对原始吸附材料进行不同改性处理,发现改性后材料相对于原始材料对Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附能力有明显提升,其中锰改性硅藻土、酸碱改性水葫芦和铁氧化物改性陶粒对Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附量分别为48.7、46.6和48.9μg/g。其中,铁氧化物改性陶粒作为一种新型的大颗粒吸附剂,不仅对Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附性能好,而且相对于传统的粉末型吸附剂更易于从被处理水体中取出,避免了吸附剂和目标毒害元素驻留在水体中产生二次释放的环境风险,具有较好的应用潜力。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.