偶氮染料直接大红GBE脱色细菌的筛选及研究

从保定市某印染厂曝气池废水中分离到一株对染料直接大红GBE有高效脱色效果的菌株HD－1，经鉴定，该菌为沙门氏菌属（Salmonella)，在25－37℃都有较高的脱色率，最佳脱色温度为37℃，在pH6－8范围内对染料具有明显的脱色效果，最佳脱色pH值为7.0，氧气对脱色具有一定的抑制作用。染料脱色产物的紫外－可见光谱分析表明，可见光区488nm处的吸收峰完全消失，而在紫外区出现了两个吸收峰。     

染料废水脱色混凝剂(PSDC-Ⅰ) 的制备和效果实验

研究了由固体废物 (炼铁废渣 )制取的含有多种金属离子的染料废水脱色混凝剂 (PSDC Ⅰ ) ,试验了它对染料废水的脱色效果及对印染废水的混凝效果 ,并与PAC进行了比较。考察了影响PSDC Ⅰ混凝及脱色效果的因素。结果表明 ,pH值在 6— 10范围内 ,PSDC Ⅰ具有良好的混凝效果。PSDC Ⅰ的两个最佳脱色区为 pH值 6— 8和 pH值 13左右。与PAC相比 ,PSDC Ⅰ不仅具有良好的混凝效果而且具有良好的脱色效果     

理化环境条件对青霉菌和细菌吸附脱色染料的影响

在筛选到的染料吸附脱色真菌和细菌的基础上，测定了温度和pH值对青霉G-1吸附和与细菌共培养脱色降解染料的影响。结果表明，16—36℃下青霉G-1对艳紫KN-B(C．I．Re．Vi．22)和黄M--3RE(C．I．Re．Ye．145)的吸附去除能力受温度影响不大，吸附5h去除率在97．1％--98．7％，而染料的脱色时间受温度影响较大，28—36℃下脱色速度快．青霉D1对pH3-11染料水中染料的吸附去除率高，达94．9％--97．8％，对pH13的吸附去除率低，仅为55．4％和56．2％，从pH5—13染料水中吸附染料的菌丝在与细菌共培养5—26h即完成了对染料的脱色，脱色速度较快。     

理化环境条件对青霉菌和细菌吸附脱色染料的影响

在筛选到的染料吸附脱色真菌和细菌的基础上 ,测定了温度和pH值对青霉G 1吸附和与细菌共培养脱色降解染料的影响。结果表明 ,16— 36℃下青霉G 1对艳紫KN B(C .I.Re .Vi.2 2 )和黄M 3RE(C .I.Re .Ye .14 5 )的吸附去除能力受温度影响不大 ,吸附 5h去除率在 97.1%— 98.7% ,而染料的脱色时间受温度影响较大 ,2 8— 36℃下脱色速度快 .青霉G 1对pH 3— 11染料水中染料的吸附去除率高 ,达 94 .9%— 97.8% ,对pH 13的吸附去除率低 ,仅为 5 5 .4 %和 5 6 .2 % ,从pH 5—13染料水中吸附染料的菌丝在与细菌共培养 5— 2 6h即完成了对染料的脱色 ,脱色速度较快     

染料废水脱色混凝剂（PSDC—1）的制备和效果实验

研究了由固体废物（炼铁废渣）制取的含有多种金属离子的染料废水脱色混凝剂（PSDC-1），试验了它对染料废水的脱色效果及对印染废水的混凝效果。并与PAC进行了比较。考察了影响PSDC-1混凝及脱色效果的因素。结果表明，pH值在6-10范围内，PSDC-1具有良好的混凝效果。PSDC-1的两个最佳脱色区为pH值6-8和pH值13左右，与PAC相比，PSDC-1不仅具有良好的混凝效果而且具有良好的脱色效果。     

漆酶对活性艳蓝染料废水脱色

用白腐真菌漆酶对活性艳蓝X-BR和活性艳蓝K-NR 2种活性染料进行脱色实验。研究了pH、温度、染料浓度和酶活力对脱色率的影响。结果表明,漆酶脱色的适宜条件为:反应温度45℃,pH 6～7,适宜染料浓度为50 mg/L,酶浓度5 U/mL,反应1 h两种染料脱色率可达到75%;通过正交实验确定2种染料的最佳脱色组合分别为:反应温度55℃、pH7、活性艳蓝X-BR浓度50 mg/L、酶浓度5 U/mL和反应温度55℃、pH 6、活性艳蓝K-NR浓度50 mg/L、酶浓度5 U/mL。在所得最优条件下反应1 h,活性艳蓝X-BR和活性艳蓝K-NR的脱色率分别为74.2%和78.6%;反应2 h,脱色率分别为78%和79.5%。     

Citrobacter sp. CK3对活性红KN-3B的脱色反应动力学研究

采用脱色菌Citrobacter sp. CK3,以活性红KN-3B染料为处理对象,在厌氧批式反应条件下,系统考察了pH值,温度和染料浓度对脱色反应速度的影响;通过动力学模拟及反应过程中染料的UV-Vis扫描图分析,探讨了脱色反应机理。结果表明：Citrobacter sp. CK3对活性红KN-3B的脱色反应的适宜pH为7～9;脱色反应速度在温度为32℃时达到最大。染料初浓度从57 mg/L逐渐增大到458 mg/L时脱色率逐渐降低。脱色过程中染料的偶氮键发生断裂,脱色反应符合二级反应动力学。     

灵芝漆酶对直接蓝86的催化脱色性能

利用灵芝菌Ganoderma lucidum U-281漆酶对直接蓝86进行酶促氧化脱色,并对其降解机理进行了探讨。结果表明,染料-漆酶共反应体系在20～50℃及pH小于5.0范围内,直接蓝86均可脱色50%以上;漆酶对直接蓝86具有宽泛的浓度适应性,对300 mg/L的该染料仍具有耐受性。最优脱色工艺参数为温度40℃、pH 5.0、染料初始浓度200 mg/L、漆酶用量1 U/mL。在优化条件下,直接蓝863 h的脱色率达到54.54%,48 h脱色率达到91.54%。紫外-可见吸收光谱分析表明,漆酶的酶促氧化导致染料的分子结构产生了变化,是造成直接蓝86脱色的主要发生机制。     

Citrobacter sp.CK3对活性红KN-3B的脱色反应动力学研究

采用脱色菌Citrobacter sp. CK3,以活性红KN-3B染料为处理对象,在厌氧批式反应条件下,系统考察了pH值,温度和染料浓度对脱色反应速度的影响;通过动力学模拟及反应过程中染料的UV-Vis扫描图分析,探讨了脱色反应机理。结果表明:Citrobacter sp. CK3对活性红KN-3B的脱色反应的适宜pH为7～9;脱色反应速度在温度为32℃时达到最大。染料初浓度从57 mg/L逐渐增大到458 mg/L时脱色率逐渐降低。脱色过程中染料的偶氮键发生断裂,脱色反应符合二级反应动力学。     

白腐真菌对染料脱色的培养条件研究

对贝壳状革耳菌高产漆酶条件及其对染料脱色条件进行了研究.结果得到高产漆酶的最佳条件为:葡萄糖10 g/L,酒石酸铵0.5 g/L,pH 3.0,转速120 r/min;脱色效果最佳的培养条件是:葡萄糖10 g/L,酒石酸铵0.5 g/L,pH3.0,温度30℃.由此可知漆酶在染料脱色中起重要作用;实验也表明:随着培养基中碳源、氮源量的增加,菌体生物量逐渐增加,但体系中高碳氮比对菌体对染料的脱色是不利的;菌体生物量与对染料的脱色作用不呈正相关.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

产油微藻培养与回收的关键技术研究进展

寻找廉价而高效的替代原料是实现生物柴油产业化的关键所在.微藻以含油量高、生长周期短、环境适应能力强、生物产量高等优点,有望成为一种极具潜力的生物柴油生产原料.然而,目前尚存在微藻培养低效成本高和微藻回收效率低两大难题.综述了微藻培养与回收过程中的关键技术,并对存在的两大难题及其改进技术进行了详细的探讨.最后,总结并展望了微藻培养、回收技术未来的发展趋势.     

活性炭三维电极法对印染废水的处理研究

对三维电极方法处理印染废水进行了实验研究,初步探讨了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的机理,对影响处理效果的各种要素,如反应时间、槽电压和pH值等进行了条件实验,得出了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的最佳运行条件为:停留时间120-180 min,槽电压25～30 V,进水pH值6.5～7.5。结果表明,该反应器能有效地降低废水色度,有较高的COD去除效率,并能提高印染废水的可生化性。     

红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响

研究了遵义红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响 ,从砷酸根浓度和体系pH对红土动电电位影响的角度作了探讨 ,结果表明 ,砷酸根离子浓度越大 ,Zata电位下降幅度越大 ,Zata电位也越低 ;随着体系pH的升高 ,氧化铁胶体动电电位逐渐下降 ,甚至改变了表面电位的符号。由此得出了红土吸附砷属于专性吸附的结论。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.