Diel periodicity of pheromone release by females of Planococcus citri and Planococcus ficus and the temporal flight activity of their conspecific males

The diel periodicity of sex pheromone release was monitored in two mealybug species, Planococcus citri and Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera; Pseudococcidae), using sequential SPME/GCMS analysis. A maximal release of 2 ng/h pheromone by 9–12-day-old P. citri females occurred 1–2 h before the beginning of photophase. The highest release of pheromone by P. ficus females was 1–2 ng/2 h of 10–20-day-old females, approximately 2 h after the beginning of photophase. Mating resulted in termination of the pheromone release in both mealybug species. The temporal flight activity of the males was monitored in rearing chambers using pheromone baited delta traps. Males of both P. citri and P. ficus displayed the same flight pattern and began flying at 06:00 hours when the light was turned on, reaching a peak during the first and second hour of the photophase. Our results suggest that other biparental mealybug species display also diel periodicities of maximal pheromone release and response. Direct evaluation of the diel periodicity of the pheromone release by the automatic sequential analysis is convenient and will be very helpful in optimizing the airborne collection and identification of other unknown mealybug pheromones and to study the calling behavior of females. Considering this behavior pattern may help to develop more effective pheromone-based management strategies against mealybugs.     

西安冬春季PM10中碳气溶胶的昼夜变化特征

为探讨西安市大气碳气溶胶的季节变化和昼夜变化特征及来源,于2006-12-19~2007-01-21(冬季)和2007-04-01~2007-04-30(春季)连续采集了大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)样品,并采用IMPROVE热光分析法分析了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的昼夜浓度.结果显示,冬季白天PM10及其中OC和EC的平均浓度分别为455.0、62.4和7.5μg/m3,夜晚的平均浓度分别为448.7、66.1和6.9μg/m3,对应春季白天的平均浓度分别为397.9、26.7和6.9μg/m3,夜晚分别为362.1、31.9和8.6μg/m3.冬季白天OC与EC的相关系数为0.44,较之春季0.81要差,主要与冬季采暖期燃料的多样性有关.碳气溶胶组分中,冬季白天和晚上二次有机碳气溶胶(SOC)的平均浓度为8.9和10.2μg/m3,远高于春季(2.8和3.4μg/m3),说明冬季较高的OC排放及较低的大气扩散能力利于碳气溶胶中SOC的生成.对碳气溶胶8种组分的因子分析结果表明,冬季燃煤排放及郊区的生物质排放对碳气溶胶有重要的贡献,而春季机动车的贡献明显增加.     

Phototaxis and polarotaxis hand in hand: night dispersal flight of aquatic insects distracted synergistically by light intensity and reflection polarization

Based on an earlier observation in the field, we hypothesized that light intensity and horizontally polarized reflected light may strongly influence the flight behaviour of night-active aquatic insects. We assumed that phototaxis and polarotaxis together have a more harmful effect on the dispersal flight of these insects than they would have separately. We tested this hypothesis in a multiple-choice field experiment using horizontal test surfaces laid on the ground. We offered simultaneously the following visual stimuli for aerial aquatic insects: (1) lamplit matte black canvas inducing phototaxis alone, (2) unlit shiny black plastic sheet eliciting polarotaxis alone, (3) lamplit shiny black plastic sheet inducing simultaneously phototaxis and polarotaxis, and (4) unlit matte black canvas as a visually unattractive control. The unlit matte black canvas trapped only a negligible number (13) of water insects. The sum (16,432) of the total numbers of water beetles and bugs captured on the lamplit matte black canvas (7,922) and the unlit shiny black plastic sheet (8,510) was much smaller than the total catch (29,682) caught on the lamplit shiny black plastic sheet. This provides experimental evidence for the synergistic interaction of phototaxis (elicited by the unpolarized direct lamplight) and polarotaxis (induced by the strongly and horizontally polarized plastic-reflected light) in the investigated aquatic insects. Thus, horizontally polarizing artificial lamplit surfaces can function as an effective ecological trap due to this synergism of optical cues, especially in the urban environment.     

三江平原沼泽湿地底栖无脊椎动物群落特征

为探明现阶段三江平原沼泽湿地底栖无脊椎动物群落结构及物种多样性,于2017年春、夏、秋3个季节对6个样点开展了调查.共记录3门41科72种,以水生昆虫和腹足纲为主.平均密度为（139.68±29.13）ind./m²,季节上,底栖无脊椎动物密度表现为秋季>春季>夏季.三江平原沼泽湿地主要优势种具有一定的季节性变化,其中,西伯利亚盘螺Valvata sibirica为3个季节共有优势种.指示物种分析表明：春季指示种为Potamonectes sp.,夏季指示种为Lethocerus sp.、Gyraulus centrifugus、Erpobdellidae sp.;秋季指示种为Sgementina nitida.整体上,春季Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H'）、均匀度指数（J）、Margalef丰富度指数（d_M）均比夏、秋季高.单因素方差分析表明,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（F=1.480,p=0.259）、Margalef丰富度指数（F=0.056,p=0.946）、Pielou均匀性指数（F=2.038,p=0.165）均不存在季节性差异.     

金沙江丰富类和稀有类浮游真核微生物的分布特征与影响因素

浮游真核微生物通常由少数丰富类和大量稀有类组成,二者在维持水生生态系统健康稳定方面具有重要作用.目前对大型筑坝河流中这两类真核微生物的生物地理分布模式所知甚少.以我国西南梯级水电开发河流金沙江为研究区域,对比分析丰富类和稀有类浮游真核微生物在不同河段的分布特征,解析影响两类微生物空间分布的主导因素.结果表明,相比上游自然河段,金沙江浮游真核微生物的α多样性在梯级大坝河段显著升高,稀有类的α多样性增长比高于丰富类.浮游真核丰富类和稀有类微生物的群落组成在不同河段间存在显著差异,其中Vermamoeba属等优势属的相对丰度在两河段间同样存在明显差异.影响丰富类和稀有类浮游真核微生物群落组成的关键地化因子有海拔和pH等,两类微生物群落相似性与地理距离和环境异质性均符合距离衰减关系,其群落构建均受扩散限制和环境筛选共同影响;方差分解分析和偏Mantel检验结果显示扩散限制是影响丰富类和稀有类分布的主要驱动因素.研究结果为我国西南缺资料区水电开发河流中微生物的地理分布模式和生态响应提供数据支持.     

岩溶地下水补给的地表河流溶解无机碳昼夜变化与钙沉降

溶解无机碳昼夜动态变化对河流水体碳通量的估算有重要影响。本文选择由地下水补给且富含水生植物的典型河流,开展高分辨率水文地球化学监测和高频率水样取样工作,分析了水化学的昼夜动态变化特征,钙与无机碳昼夜循环产生的生物地球化学控制机理,估算了钙与无机碳昼夜通量。结果表明,白天pH、SIC上升,产生钙沉降和水体无机碳(主要为HCO-3)含量的下降,夜间得到地下水的补给,Ca2+和HCO-3浓度回升。监测期间,官村地下河出口地表河流钙与溶解有机碳的流失或沉降量分别为69.04kg/d和168.68kg/d,即51.14g/(m·d)和124.95g/(m·d),分别占输入量的6.2%和4.7%。受水生植物光合作用和钙化作用控制,沿流程发生无机碳向有机碳转化,是真正意义上的自然碳汇。     

南京市黑碳气溶胶时间演变特征及其主要影响因素

为了研究南京市黑碳（black carbon,BC）气溶胶的时间演变特征及其主要影响因素,使用多波长Aethalometer（AE-33）每个季节选取典型月份观测了BC质量浓度,结合大气污染物数据、气象要素和边界层探测数据,分析了BC的季节变化、日变化、周末效应和来源特征.结果表明,南京的BC浓度具有明显的季节变化,春季[（3351±919）ng·m^-3] > 冬季[（3234±2102）ng·m^-3] > 秋季[（3064±967）ng·m^-3] > 夏季[（2632±1705）ng·m^-3].4个季节BC日变化均为双峰型分布,峰值分别位于06：00~08：00和21：00~23：00.BC不同季节的早晚高峰分布特征不同.早高峰春季BC浓度最高,晚高峰冬季浓度最高.冬季早高峰出现时间要比其他季节滞后2 h,而夏季晚高峰时间反而比其他季节提前2 h.风速对BC日变化季节分布差异的影响远大于相对湿度（relative humidity,RH）.逆温层结对大气污染物浓度的影响机制比较复杂,在不同季节中逆温的高度、厚度和逆温强度对污染物的影响机制不同.BC不同季节的周末效应不同,风速对BC周末效应的影响较小,逆温层结差异是造成BC周末效应的主要原因.南京地区液体燃料燃烧对BC的贡献较大,固体燃烧对BC贡献较小.     

卫星遥感成都平原城市热岛效应的动态特征

使用不同季节的12次NOAA/AVHRR数据,将热岛强度△Tm进行平均,全年成都市和中小城市△Tm的平均值分别为5.75和3.35℃;夏季的平均值最大,分别为7.50℃和4.84℃;春、秋季次之;冬季最小,分别为3.33和1.62℃。白天和夜间△Tm的平均值比较,成都市分别为7.39和3.46℃,白天是夜间的2.14倍;中小城市分别为4.44和1.83℃,白天是夜间的2.43倍。     

北京市污水处理厂出水中药物和个人护理品的季节变化及其生态风险评价

由于污水处理厂出水中含有微量有机污染物,这些污染物能够通过污水处理厂出水进入到水环境中,对生态系统和人体健康存在潜在的威胁.为探明污水处理厂出水中药物和个人护理品（Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products,PPCPs）在不同季节中的浓度分布及生态风险情况,本研究于2019年的春季、夏季和秋季分别对北京市5座污水处理厂出水中PPCPs的赋存情况和浓度变化进行了调查分析,并对其进行了生态风险评价.结果表明：5座污水处理厂出水中PPCPs检出率为100%的化合物包括磺胺甲恶唑、克拉霉素、卡马西平、避蚊胺、美托洛尔、咖啡因、氧氟沙星和双氯芬酸;PPCPs在不同季节中表现出一定的浓度分布差异,其中磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲恶唑、克拉霉素、吉非罗齐、苯扎贝特、氯贝酸、美托洛尔、普萘洛尔、卡马西平、甲氧苄啶、避蚊胺在春季出水中的浓度明显高于其在夏季和秋季出水中浓度,而双氯芬酸、甲芬那酸、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星和咖啡因则在夏季出水中浓度要略高于其在春季和秋季出水中的浓度;通过对PPCPs的生态风险评价发现,避蚊胺在一个春季样品中为中风险污染物,在其他样品中均为低风险污染物,磺胺甲恶唑和美托洛尔的最大RQ值分别为0.09和0.08,接近中风险,其他PPCPs均为低风险污染物.     

A study of the aerosol of Santiago de Chile—I. Light extinction coefficients

The atmosphere of Santiago de Chile has been investigated by telephotometry in several parts of the city. Spectral extinction coefficients were measured during the time period between September 1988 and January 1989 (mid-spring to mid-summer) and again between February 1990 and June 1990 (autumn to mid-winter). The values measured show a distinct daily pattern with high values in the morning and a steady decrease in the afternoon. This pattern is attributed to a steady increase in the height of the mixing layer during daytime which allows an increasing dilution of the aerosol; unfortunately systematic measurements of vertical temperature profiles are not available for Santiago. In contrast to the urban area, measurements at an elevated site in the Andes Mountains showed a constant increase in light extinction during daytime. In the morning the extinction coefficients were similar to the background values off the coast on the Pacific. In the afternoon after expansion of the mixing layer extinction coefficients in the mountains were comparable to those in the urban area. Some sight paths were reached at later hours by the mixing layer and had a maximum of light extinction coefficient later in the morning hours. The transport of aerosols can cause dramatic changes in extinction coefficients within a short time; changes of up to a factor of five have been observed within an hour. In such cases the wavelength dependence of the aerosol underwent changes with the advection or production of a different aerosol. A comparison with the pollution of other large cities shows that the daily pattern of variation of the extinction coefficient in Santiago is different; the values of the extinction coefficients observed in Santiago de Chile are compared to those in European and Asian cities. With this study part of the complex behaviour of the Santiago atmosphere has been understood but much further work is needed. The optical technique used here has proven useful in investigating the atmosphere in real time with adequate time resolution and the possibility to make space-resolved measurements also.     

东海口足类(Stomatopod)种类组成和数量分布

根据2008年春（5月）、夏（8月）、秋（11月）、冬（2009年2月）4个季节东海（26°00’～33°00’N,127°00’E以西）桁杆拖虾网所获得的口足类调查资料,以渔获率作为口足类分布的数量指标,分析了调查海域的口足类种类组成、数量分布及时空变化趋势。结果表明：调查海域四季共捕获口足类20 种,隶属于4 科,11 属,其中优势种为口虾蛄（Oratosquillaoratoria）和黑斑口虾蛄（Oratosquilla kempi）;在各季节出现的口足类种类数中,春季出现最多,其余三季变化不大;各季节口足类渔获量及渔获率变化明显,冬季渔获量及渔获率最高,以下依次为夏季、春季和秋季;从区域分布看,东海南部海域在口足类种类数和生物量两项指标均高于北部和中部两个海域;口足类以及优势种口虾蛄在4 个季节的调查中具有相对较为集中的生物量高发区,但聚集特征不明显;黑斑口虾蛄的分布则表现出了十分明显的地域特征。     

Effects of exotic fish farms on bird communities in lake and marine ecosystems

Salmon farming is a widespread activity around the world, also known to promote diverse environmental effects on aquatic ecosystems. However, information regarding the impact of salmon farming on bird assemblages is notably scarce. We hypothesize that salmon farming, by providing food subsidies and physical structures to birds, will change their local community structure. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a seasonal monitoring of bird richness, abundance, and composition at paired salmon pen and control plots in two marine and two lake sites in southern Chile, from fall 2002 to summer 2004. Overall, salmon farming had no significant effects on species richness, but bird abundance was significantly and noticeably higher in salmon pens than in controls. Such aggregation was mainly accounted for by the trophic guilds of omnivores, diving piscivores, carrion eaters, and perching piscivores, but not by invertebrate feeders, herbivores, and surface feeders. Species composition was also significantly and persistently different between salmon pens and controls within each lake or marine locality. The patterns described above remained consistent across environment types and seasons indicating that salmon farming is changing the community structure of birds in both lake and marine habitats by promoting functional and aggregation responses, particularly by favoring species with broader niches. Such local patterns may thus anticipate potential threats from the ongoing expansion of the salmon industry to neighboring areas in Chile, resulting in regional changes of bird communities, toward a less diverse one and dominated by opportunistic, common, and generalist species such as gulls, vultures, and cormorants.     

辽东湾网采浮游植物粒级结构的胁迫响应

基于2012~2014年春、夏、秋、冬季辽东湾网采浮游植物及环境因子的调查资料,对辽东湾南、北2个区域的浮游植物粒级结构分布规律及其环境胁迫响应进行了分析,并评估了浮游植物群落结构的稳定性.结果表明,辽东湾海域浮游植物春、夏、秋季丰度主要集中在小粒径范围,冬季主要集中在中粒径范围;生物量春、夏、秋季主要集中在中粒径范围,冬季主要集中在大粒径范围,南部区域浮游植物粒径整体上大于北部区域.寡营养水域以及较低的水温环境更适于大粒径浮游植物生存.春、秋、冬季浮游植物群落结构比较稳定,但夏季偏离平衡点.南部区域群落结构整体上比北部区域稳定,网采中、大粒径组的W统计量可以作为浮游植物群落结构稳定性的评估指标.     

Seasonal and diurnal variations of atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate, peroxypropionyl nitrate, and carbon tetrachloride in Beijing

Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN), peroxypropionyl nitrate(PPN), and carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) were measured from September 2010 to August 2011 in Beijing. PAN exhibited low values from mid-autumn to early spring(October to March) with monthly average concentrations ranging from 0.28 to 0.73 ppbV, and increased from early spring to summer(March to August), ranging from 1.37–3.79 ppbV. The monthly variation of PPN was similar to PAN, with low values(below detection limit to 0.18 ppbV) from mid-autumn to early spring, and a monthly maximum in September(1.14 ppbV). The monthly variation of CCl4was tightly related to the variation of temperature, exhibiting a minimum in winter(69.3 pptV) and a maximum of 180.6 pptV in summer. Due to weak solar intensity and short duration, PAN and O3showed no distinct diurnal patterns from morning to night during winter, whereas for other seasons, they both exhibited maximal values in the late afternoon(ca. 15:00 to 16:00 local time) and minimal values during early morning and midnight. Good linear correlations between PAN and PPN were found in autumn(R = 0.91), spring(R = 0.94), and summer(R = 0.81), with slopes of 0.130, 0.222, and 0.133, respectively, suggesting that anthropogenic hydrocarbons dominated the photochemical formation of PANs in Beijing. Positive correlation between PAN and O3 in summer with the low slopes( O3 / PAN) ranging from 9.92 to 18.0 indicated serious air pollution in Beijing, and strong negative correlation in winter reflected strong O3consumption by NO titration and less thermal decompositin of PAN.     

辽河口海域浮游动物多样性及对河口环境的指示

于2013年8月（夏）、10月（秋）和2014年5月（春）在辽河口海域开展浮游动物多样性监测,研究了浮游动物种类组成和数量分布的时空变化特征,探讨了浮游动物多样性与河口盐度变化、富营养化等的关系。结果表明:辽河口海域浮游动物种类的季节更替明显,从夏季到秋季更替率为40.91%;从秋季到春季更替率为35.29%;夏季第一优势种为小拟哲水蚤（Paracalanus parvus）,春、秋季为双毛纺锤水蚤（Acartia bifilosa）。夏季浮游动物种（类）数明显高于春、秋季,由夏季阶段性浮游动物类群数增加所致,而桡足类的种类数季节间差异很小。春季浮游动物数量显著高于夏、秋季,其数量高达（6.4±1.3）×104 ind./m3,秋季数量最低为（5.5±0.6）×103 ind./m3。夏季多样性指数和均匀度指数高于春、秋季。浮游动物多样性的平面分布与盐度呈显著正相关,与无机氮和磷酸盐浓度显著负相关。河口指示性种类火腿伪镖水蚤（Pseudodiaptomus poplesia）的数量的平面分布与盐度呈显著负相关,与无机氮、磷酸盐浓度显著正相关。本研究能够为我国河口海域的生态监测和管理等提供参考依据。     

Mixing regime shapes the community assembly process, microbial interaction and proliferation of cyanobacterial species Planktothrix in a stratified lake

Lake mixing influences aquatic chemical properties and microbial community composition, and thus, we hypothesized that it would alter microbial community assembly and interaction. To clarify this issue, we explored the community assembly processes and cooccurrence networks in four seasons at two depths (epilimnion and hypolimnion) in a mesotrophic and stratified lake (Chenghai Lake), which formed stratification in the summer and turnover in the winter. During the stratification period, the epilimnion and hypolimnion went through contrary assembly processes but converged to similar assembly patterns in the mixing period. In a highly homogeneous selection environment, species with low niche breadth were filtered, resulting in decreased species richness. Water mixing in the winter homogenized the environment, resulting in a simpler microbial cooccurrence network. Interestingly, we observed a high abundance of the cyanobacterial genus Planktothrix in the winter, probably due to nutrient redistribution and Planktothrix adaptivity to the winter environment in which mixing played important roles. Our study provides deeper fundamental insights into how environmental factors influence microbial community structure through community assembly processes.     

春季生物作用对山地岩溶池水地球化学特征的影响

岩溶水文系统对外界环境变化敏感,使得岩溶区水质存在昼夜、小时甚至分钟等尺度的变化.许多地表水体都会经历p H值、溶解性气体、微量元素以及其他水化学指标的昼夜变化.重庆金佛山水房泉及受其补给的水池地处海拔2 050 m的山地岩溶区,具有温带气候特征.通过对水房泉泉水(以下简称泉水)及水池进行为期3 d的昼夜监测,以期探究春季生物作用对岩溶池水地球化学的影响.研究发现,在昼夜时间尺度上,泉水地球化学指标基本稳定,未表现出昼夜变化,池水地球化学指标化学表现出了昼夜波动,但水温、溶解氧、p H值、电导率等物理化学指标昼夜变化幅度较小.在不同的天气条件下,水温、溶解氧、Cl-等昼夜变化幅度存在差别;池水二氧化碳分压(p CO2)、Ca2+、DIC白天降低、晚上升高,方解石饱和指数(SIc)相反;这些指标的变化受控于温度、碳酸盐岩矿物的溶解与沉淀、水生植物光合作用与呼吸作用;通过亨利常数的计算,发现水温变化对p CO2变化的影响仅占0.79%~10.01%,水温、碳酸盐岩沉淀等物理因素对DIC损失量的贡献率为39%,水生植物光合作用的贡献率为61%.     

Giant honeybees (Apis dorsata) mob wasps away from the nest by directed visual patterns

The open nesting behaviour of giant honeybees (Apis dorsata) accounts for the evolution of a series of defence strategies to protect the colonies from predation. In particular, the concerted action of shimmering behaviour is known to effectively confuse and repel predators. In shimmering, bees on the nest surface flip their abdomens in a highly coordinated manner to generate Mexican wave-like patterns. The paper documents a further-going capacity of this kind of collective defence: the visual patterns of shimmering waves align regarding their directional characteristics with the projected flight manoeuvres of the wasps when preying in front of the bees’ nest. The honeybees take here advantage of a threefold asymmetry intrinsic to the prey–predator interaction: (a) the visual patterns of shimmering turn faster than the wasps on their flight path, (b) they “follow” the wasps more persistently (up to 100 ms) than the wasps “follow” the shimmering patterns (up to 40 ms) and (c) the shimmering patterns align with the wasps’ flight in all directions at the same strength, whereas the wasps have some preference for horizontal correspondence. The findings give evidence that shimmering honeybees utilize directional alignment to enforce their repelling power against preying wasps. This phenomenon can be identified as predator driving which is generally associated with mobbing behaviour (particularly known in selfish herds of vertebrate species), which is, until now, not reported in insects.     

长江口崇西湿地生态系统的二氧化碳交换及潮汐影响

河口湿地具备不同于其他生态系统的典型的生物化学特征. 利用开路式涡度相关系统,对长江口崇西湿地净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)进行了初步研究. 结果表明,生长季CO₂交换呈V字型特征,平均CO₂交换量为-0.06 mg/(m2>/sup>·s);非生长季无明显特征,平均CO₂交换量为0.025 mg/(m2>/sup>·s). 这与其他生态系统CO₂交换特征相符合,主要是生长季的植被光合固碳作用所致. 非生长季的净生态系统CO₂交换比生长季受土壤温度的影响更大. 大潮期和小潮期的CO₂交换表明,无论是生长季还是非生长季,小潮期从生态系统释放到大气的CO₂均高于大潮期,潮汐高度与CO₂释放量呈负相关,暗示着高水位抑制生态系统呼吸和阻碍CO₂的传输,从而减少了CO₂的释放. 通过分析大潮期和小潮期的植被净光合速率发现,同一地点的植被固碳过程受潮汐的影响不很明显. 潮汐对净生态系统CO₂交换的影响主要是减少了土壤呼吸释放CO₂的过程. 总体而言,崇西湿地在年周期内表现为CO₂的汇.      

多级闸坝对大型底栖动物群落日漂流规律的影响

河流中底栖动物的漂流模式是维持群落动态稳定的重要因素,闸坝改变了河流原有的水文节律,阻隔了底栖动物纵向漂流的连续性,闸坝对河流大型底栖动物群落的影响机制是近年来河流纵向格局维持研究的热点问题.2018年8月选择神农架国家级保护区的九冲河,在上游参照点(S1)、第一级电站取水口下游(S2)和第二级电站取水口下游(S3)布设3个样点开展24 h的日漂流监测,研究多级闸坝对大型底栖动物漂流类群、漂流节律和β生物多样性的变化.结果表明:①九冲河漂流的主要优势类群为蜉蝣目和毛翅目.②受堰坝阻隔影响,各样点漂流最优势物种发生了变化,S1样点为四节蜉(Baetis sp.),S2样点为花翅蜉(Baetiella sp.),S3样点为舌石蛾(Glossosoma sp.).③尽管各样点仍然以双峰型漂流模式为主,但参照点S1为“alternans”型的夜漂流,而坝下S2和S3样点则为“bigeminus”型的夜漂流,前者漂流密度的最大值出现在黎明前,而后者则为日落后.④坝下(S2和S3)漂流底栖动物的物种数明显低于参照点(S1),单因素方差分析表明闸坝阻隔具有显著的累积效应,3个样点漂流底栖动物的生物量之间存在差异显著(P < 0.05),漂流密度在参照点S1和坝下(S2和S3)的差异显著(P < 0.05).⑤基于Bray-Curtis相似性的聚类分析表明,S2样点群落发生了明显的分化,其日间样品均与S3样点聚为一类,而夜间样品全部与S1样点聚为一类.⑥采用无度量多维度标定排序(NMDS)进行的β多样性分析表明,S1样点漂流群落的昼夜差异性最小,S3样点的差异性最大.研究显示,九冲河小水电梯级开发造成了漂流型大型底栖动物群落结构、漂流规律和β生物多样性发生变化,3个样点的漂流优势类群发生改变,β多样性的变化随梯级闸坝呈现明显的累积效应,从长期来看会对河流生态系统的稳定性和生态功能造成深远影响.