一株溶藻细菌的分离鉴定及溶藻效果

从太湖分离到一株溶藻细菌CA,该菌对铜绿微囊藻具有强烈的溶藻效果.通过形态学、生理生化特征及16SrDNA序列比对,鉴定该菌株属于水单胞菌属(Aquimonas sp.).将CA菌悬液与铜绿微囊藻共培养,10 d内铜绿微囊藻细胞降解率为100%,叶绿素a降解率为83.9%,且溶藻效果与菌悬液浓度呈正相关,与藻浓度呈负相关.CA菌体本身没有溶藻效果,但其无菌滤液可以溶藻,因此CA是通过释放物质来间接溶藻.在CA菌体的菌藻共培养液中添加少量的牛肉膏、葡萄糖或尿素,菌体显示出溶藻效果.本研究为菌株CA控制铜绿微囊藻水华提供了一种潜在的应用前景.     

一株溶藻细菌对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻机理初探

为确定溶藻细菌S7（Chryseobaterium）对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻方式,分别采用高温灭菌（121~123℃）、离心（10 000 r.min-1）、0.22μm滤膜过滤等方式对S7菌液进行处理,检测其对铜绿微囊藻的去除效果。并通过对溶藻过程中叶绿素a和丙二醛（MDA）含量的测定,藻细胞显微结构的观察和细胞成分的红外光谱分析,初步探讨菌株S7对铜绿微囊藻的作用机理。结果表明,S7是通过释放胞外活性物质间接溶藻,该物质具有很强的热稳定性,不属于蛋白质类物质。该活性物质对铜绿微囊藻的叶绿素a有明显的去除效果,并可导致藻细胞膜脂过氧化产物MDA积累量的显著提高和藻细胞解体。藻细胞红外光谱分析表明,经过溶藻物质作用的藻细胞,其蛋白质结构遭到破坏。通过试验结果,推测出菌株S7的溶藻机理：溶藻物质先损伤铜绿微囊藻的细胞壁和粘质胶被,然后通过改变膜的选择透过性进入藻细胞内部,分解叶绿素a,破坏蛋白质,造成藻体正常生理功能的丧失,最终导致藻细胞破裂。     

微生物溶藻进程与机制的三维荧光分析方法

以铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)为实验对象,利用三维荧光谱解析微生物溶藻进程与溶藻机制.构建了藻细胞数量-荧光光强、叶绿素a-荧光光强关系模型,验证荧光法测定藻液的准确性.通过Em656 nm下荧光激发光谱,考察了溶藻菌R1菌(Lysinibacillus macroides)的溶藻能力.根据菌藻混合液三维荧光光谱图,解析了藻细胞分泌物和溶藻(降解)产物.结果表明,荧光光强可以用来表征藻细胞浓度,在低浓度下(浓度阈值为细胞数量120 cell·mL-1或chl-a含量0.2 mg·L~(-1)),其与藻细胞及其叶绿素a呈正相关(R20.95,P0.01);采用荧光强度表征溶藻菌R1溶藻率,10 d溶藻率可达89.8%,与chl-a表征的溶藻率(82.64%)基本一致.菌藻混合液三维荧光光谱图解析表明,溶藻菌R1对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻产物中含有藻细胞溶解生成的可溶性物质、芳香族蛋白质;混合液中类腐殖酸大量减少,推测其为细菌分泌的溶藻活性物质.溶藻机理为细胞分泌胞外物质(酸性物质)作用于藻细胞!细胞结构被破坏!胞内物质(蛋白质物质等)释放出来.     

溶藻细菌Microbacterium oleivoran 溶藻进程与叶绿素降解动力学

从太湖土著花鲴鱼肝、肠等内脏中筛选出7株具有溶藻功效的菌株,其中溶藻率最高的1株菌命名为GHJ,经DNA测序并构建系统发育树,确定该菌属于微杆菌属(Microbacterium oleivoran),以太湖流域常见藻类———铜绿微囊藻为溶藻对象,以叶绿素a(Chla)含量变化表征溶藻特性,初步揭示溶藻进程中的GHJ菌生长动力学和铜绿微囊藻降解动力学机制,探讨了二者相关关系.结果表明,GHJ的溶藻进程是通过直接溶藻与间接溶藻协同作用,破碎并溶解藻细胞,其在牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基中生长曲线符合Logistic生长模型,动力学方程为■,R~2=0.9797.菌藻比为1:12时的溶藻率最高达到99.60%,此条件下叶绿素与溶藻时间之间的关系符合一级动力学模型[Chla]=111.96×e~(-0.21t),R~2=0.8997;所取菌藻体积比在1∶8—1∶50范围内的叶绿素减少量与溶藻过程时间关系均符合一级动力模型,R~2介于0.6897—0.8997之间,GHJ菌在整个溶藻过程中溶藻趋势相同.本研究可为溶藻菌菌种来源和溶藻过程其他工程应用提供基础理论支撑.     

一株放线菌对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻活性

从庐山土样中分离得到一株放线菌JXJ 0071,研究了该菌的孢子、菌丝体和代谢产物对铜绿微囊藻(Micro-cystis aeruginosa)的溶藻活性以及溶藻活性成分的稳定性,并对其分类地位进行鉴定。结果表明,放线菌JXJ 0071的孢子和菌丝体均能使铜绿微囊藻细胞密度显著降低。该菌代谢产物对铜绿微囊藻具有很强的溶藻活性,在藻密度为1.0×107 mL-1的藻液中加入体积分数φ为2%的该菌发酵上清液3,d后溶藻效率达98%。溶藻活性成分主要来自水溶性胞外产物,其对高温、pH和紫外线处理均具有较好的稳定性。以60℃以下的温度处理发酵液2h,溶藻活性成分的溶藻效率基本不变,保持在95%以上;pH 7.0～9.0条件下,其溶藻效率仍很高,在93.8%以上;经波长为254 nm的紫外线照射2 h,其溶藻效率仍达85.7%。基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析表明,该菌株属链霉菌属,与Streptomyces rectiviolaceus的序列相似性达99%,但JXJ0071与S.rectiviolaceus的部分生理生化特性有所不同,需要进一步的实验数据确定其种一级分类学单元。     

三株溶藻细菌溶藻活性代谢产物的初步研究

已知3株溶藻细菌L7、L8和L18的活性代谢产物具有明显的溶藻效果。为获得较高活性和浓度的目标产物,研究了培养基、碳源、氮源对溶藻效果的影响;为考察溶藻活性代谢产物保存和应用的环境条件,研究了其热、酸稳定性。在牛肉膏蛋白胨、淀粉、查氏和高氏1号4种培养基里,淀粉培养基最适宜用于获得溶藻活性代谢产物。以淀粉培养基为基础,碳、氮源组合依次为淀粉 (NH4)2SO4、淀粉 (NH4)2SO4,葡萄糖 KNO3时,3株溶藻细菌的溶藻活性代谢产物溶藻活性最高。这一结果为目标产物的分离奠定了物质背景。3株溶藻细菌溶藻活性代谢产物均具有良好的热稳定性,经热处理后,对叶绿素a的去除率仍高于73%。L7的无菌滤液调至pH值4.0或2.5,2h后丧失溶藻活性;L8和L18的无菌滤液调至pH值4.0,2h后未丧失溶藻活性,调至pH值2.5,2h后丧失溶藻活性。上述结果为溶藻活性代谢产物的分离奠定了基础。     

溶藻微生物菌群的富集及其溶藻因素

为探索行之有效的抑制藻类水华暴发的途径,采集重庆地区蓝藻爆发水域的环境水样,与铜绿微囊藻多次重复共培养富集出具有溶藻能力的高效溶藻液,显示出强而稳定的溶藻能力.通过离心、膜过滤、温度及抗生素因素分析溶藻活性物的主要特性.结果显示:离心处理该高效溶藻液,3 000 r/min离心5 min便可沉淀溶藻活性物,7 000 r/min离心5 min后上清液便失去溶藻能力;膜过滤处理该高效溶藻液,溶藻活性物不能通过2μm的滤膜;温度处理该高效溶藻液,45℃水浴处理10 min即可使其溶藻活性显著降低,48℃水浴处理10 min便可使其完全失去溶藻能力;抗生素处理该高效溶藻液,加入放线菌酮对其溶藻能力没有影响,加入氯霉素对其溶藻能力稍有影响,加入四环素则丧失溶藻能力,抗生素处理结果说明溶藻活性物不是真菌,革兰氏阳性菌的缺失对溶藻活性的影响要大于革兰氏阴性菌;LB培养基分离的单菌落都没有显示出显著的溶藻活性.本研究表明多轮富集的高效溶藻液具有显著稳定的溶藻效果,溶藻液经离心、膜过滤、高温及添加抗生素的结果均显示溶藻因素是细菌,单菌落培养结果说明其溶藻活性依赖于多种细菌组成的微生物菌群共同作用.     

溶藻细菌胶囊与植物共生系统的建立及其对Microcystis aeruginosa的控制

当前,蓝藻水华时常爆发,其中铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)是我国蓝藻水华的典型代表.微生物控藻技术具有高效、生态安全性好、原位修复等特点,近年来已经成为治理蓝藻水华的主要手段.本文通过搭建芦苇湿地试验装置,模拟太湖近岸水域原生环境,以水生植物控藻与溶藻细菌胶囊强化相结合的方式对Microcystis aeruginosa进行生态学-微生物操控试验.从藻胆蛋白、抗氧化系统、膜脂值活性等方面的研究来探究控藻系统的溶藻机制,并通过高通量技术与主成分分析来探索溶藻细菌与藻之间的群落动态关系.试验结果表明,原位藻类控制系统效率高,14 d溶藻率为(88.74%±1.10%),其中溶藻细菌胶囊占主导地位,植物修复为辅.通过对藻胆蛋白的破坏和藻类抗氧化系统的摧毁来导致藻类膜结构的受损,胞内物质流出而死亡.利用高通量技术发现,溶藻细菌胶囊所包埋的菌株Bacillus sp.HL在微生物体系中成为优势菌种.主成分分析结果表明高效原位控藻体系促进了藻体内ROS水平,增强了藻的Zeta电位和抗氧化酶活性,从而抑制了Microcystis aeruginosa的生长.     

干粉菌剂保护剂对溶藻菌溶藻效果与稳定性能的影响

针对液体菌剂在使用过程中易受杂菌污染以及运输过程中存储不便等问题,选取蔗糖、甘油、谷氨酸钠、脱脂乳粉等4种常见材料做干粉菌剂保护剂,真空冷冻干燥条件下,以小麦粉作为载体,分析不同浓度保护剂作用下的活菌数量及冷冻干燥前后的活菌率变化,作为探究4种保护剂在干粉菌剂制备过程中保护作用与机理的依据.实验结果表明,浓度为10%蔗糖溶液、10%甘油溶液、4%脱脂乳粉溶液以及8%谷氨酸钠溶液做保护剂时活菌率最高、活菌数最大,蔗糖浓度为10%,冷冻干燥前液体菌剂中溶藻菌的数量约为9.65×10~9 CFU·mL~(-1),冷冻干燥后干粉菌剂中溶藻菌数量约为15.20×10~9 CFU·mL~(-1),溶藻菌成活率为157.51%,高于其他3种保护剂.整个溶藻过程大致持续8 d,在第8 d时,蔗糖作保护剂的菌剂溶藻率达96.04%,以甘油作保护剂菌剂溶藻率达96.11%,菌剂中含有谷氨酸钠和脱脂乳粉,溶藻率分别为94.14%和94.22%.蔗糖和甘油在菌体新陈代谢过程中对菌的保护能力较强,溶藻菌菌体数量多,成活率高,菌体稳定性好,溶藻效果比液体菌剂稍差.     

荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum)对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的抑制效应及其机制

构建了荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum)与以铜绿微囊藻为优势种的自然藻体共培养系统,分析系统中各藻种藻细胞密度、藻体叶绿素a含量、荇菜生长指标及水下[光]照度的变化;同时以荇菜种植水配置培养基,在适宜光照条件下培养铜绿微囊藻,分析藻类生长生理指标随时间的变化.结果表明:共培养系统中藻类总藻细胞密度显著下降(P<0.05),其中铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)藻细胞密度下降最为明显,40 d时比初始藻细胞密度减少了94.68%,而三角四角藻(Tetraedron minimum)数量逐渐增多,成为优势藻种,表明荇菜对铜绿微囊藻生长具有明显抑制作用.共培养系统中荇菜鲜重、水下20 cm深处光衰减率均与藻类叶绿素a含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),表明藻细胞光合能力的大小与荇菜植株的生长及其产生的遮光作用密切相关.随培养时间延长,添加荇菜种植水的培养基中铜绿微囊藻藻细胞光密度值(D650)下降明显;叶绿素a、藻胆蛋白(包括藻蓝蛋白、别藻蓝蛋白、藻红蛋白)相对含量均有不同程度的下降,培养9 d后4者相对含量分别降至5.27%、15.53%、21.11%和48.48%;藻细胞Ca2+Mg2+-ATP酶活性下降明显,表明荇菜种植水中存在着某种对铜绿微囊藻产生抑制作用的活性物质,通过对铜绿微囊藻光反应系统(PS Ⅰ和PS Ⅱ)的作用来阻碍藻细胞光合作用进程,抑制藻类生长,说明除了遮光效应外,分泌抑藻活性物质也是荇菜抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的重要机制.     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.