平板膜在污泥浓缩消化处理中的应用研究

采用中试规模的反应器对平板膜-污泥浓缩消化(MSTD)工艺的污泥消化机制和膜污染机理进行了研究.结果表明,经过15d的运行,MSTD工艺的污泥浓度(MLSS)从最初的3.6g/L上升到约34.2g/L,MLVSS和MLSS的消解率分别达到52%和47%,实现了同步浓缩和消化.由于溶解氧的变化,MSTD工艺的消化机制分为好氧消化和类似的厌氧消化2个阶段,分别降解二价金属离子和铁离子连接的2类生物聚合物.在MSTD过程中,平板膜的截留和污泥消化导致污泥性质剧烈变化,从而造成膜过滤性能剧烈下降.MLSS、胞外聚合物(EPS)和溶解性微生物产物(SMP)均对膜污染有显著的影响.     

嵌入式旁路污泥减量污水处理系统研究

为了减少活性污泥工艺中剩余污泥的产量以及解决目前污水处理厂无机物积累的问题,开发了一种集旁路污泥减量、污泥淤砂分离、侧流化学除磷、强化氮磷去除于一体的嵌入式旁路污泥减量污水处理系统,中试反应器规模10m3/d,并稳定运行超过90d.试验结果表明:出水ρ(NH4+-N)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)、ρ(COD)分别为(0.5±0.3),(8.6±1.6),(0.14±0.04),(26.8±8.8)mg/L,出水水质能够稳定的达到一级A标,并且远低于其限值.系统运行期间,活性污泥系统的MLVSS/MLSS值逐渐升高,其值从初始的0.33增加到了0.52;该工艺系统有效的防止了无机颗粒在活性污泥系统中的积累.在系统稳定运行过程期间,其表观产率系数Yobs为0.103gVSS/gCOD,该工艺系统展示了良好的污泥减量性能.     

An investigation of the fate and behaviour of a mixture of WO_3 and TiO_2 nanoparticles in a wastewater treatment plant

The fate and behaviour of WO_3 and TiO_2 mixture were investigated following the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 303 A guidelines. The nanoparticles were found not to influence the chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency which was maintained 80%hence the activated sludge process was on affected. The nanoparticles were eliminated from the wastewater with a greater percentage of 99.8% for TiO_2 and 95.5% for WO_3 found in the sludge.The activated sludge process also had no effect of the polymorphs of the nanoparticles as X-ray diffraction revealed presence of monoclinic WO_3 and anatase TiO_2 which were spiked into the influent. The nanoparticles were mainly removed by bio-adsorption on the activated sludge surface. The total plate count revealed that the bacterial colonies present in the control and the test units were comparable during the gradual introduction of nanoparticles in the chambers.The biomass was 0.75 MLVSS/MLSS(mixed liquor volatile suspended solids/mixed liquor suspended solids) in both the aeration vessels thus a greater proportion of the sludge were the microorganisms. A greater percentage of the Ti and W found in the effluent was mainly due to the nanoparticles adsorbed on the suspended solids with only 3.6% Ti and 28.6% W due to dissolution of nanoparticles.     

Simulation and assessment of sludge concentration and rheology in the process of waste activated sludge treatment

The process of using flat-sheet membrane for simultaneous sludge thickening and digestion (MSTD) was employed. The variations of sludge concentration and rheology were characterized and simulated. Based on mass balance analysis, mathematical models were developed and successfully used to predict and evaluate the variations of sludge concentration and the digestion e ciency in the MSTD process. The apparent viscosity of sludge could be modeled as functions of mixed liquor suspended solids and shear rates. The sludge in the MSTD process showed both shear-thinning and viscoplastic behaviour, and under various shear rates di erent rheological models could be chosen to predict their flow behaviour. It was also found that sludge concentration and viscosity had significant correlations with membrane fouling in the MSTD process.     

生化池中不同粒径细微沙的悬浮特性

进入生化池的沙粒受粒径影响,或沉积或悬浮在生化池,粒径≤73 μm的细微沙容易悬浮在污泥混合液中,导致活性污泥ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)(生物有机质所占的比例)下降. 以粒径≤73 μm的沙粒为对象,研究生化池中不同粒径细微沙对活性污泥ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)的影响,探讨细微沙的可悬浮性和悬浮态势,揭示细微沙对污泥活性的影响,以期为污水厂的运行管理提供理论基础. 通过显微观察发现,粒径>33 μm的细微沙不易被活性污泥卷捕,呈自由悬浮态势;粒径≤33 μm的细微沙容易被活性污泥絮体卷捕,呈卷捕附着态势. 细微沙粒径越小,悬浮比(悬浮在污泥混合液中的细微沙占生化池进水中细微沙总量的比例)越大,活性污泥ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)越低,悬浮比与细微沙粒径呈显著线性相关(y=0.996-0.010x),活性污泥ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)与悬浮比相关性显著〔y=2.84/(12.27x+3.06)〕. 研究显示,细微沙不影响污泥中微生物的活性,污水厂可结合活性污泥ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)调控ρ(MLSS),保证ρ(MLVSS)的稳定,有利于实现污水处理系统的稳定运行.      

Aeration optimization through operation at low dissolved oxygen concentrations: Evaluation of oxygen mass transfer dynamics in different activated sludge systems

In wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)using the activated sludge process,two methods are widely used to improve aeration efficiency — use of high-efficiency aeration devices and optimizing the aeration control strategy. Aeration efficiency is closely linked to sludge characteristics(such as concentrations of mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS)and microbial communities)and operating conditions(such as air flow rate and operational dissolved oxygen(DO)concentrations). Moreover,operational DO is closely linked to effluent quality. This study,which is in reference to WWTP discharge class A Chinese standard effluent criteria,determined the growth kinetics parameters of nitrifiers at different DO levels in small-scale tests. Results showed that the activated sludge system could meet effluent criteria when DO was as low as 0.3 mg/L,and that nitrifier communities cultivated under low DO conditions had higher oxygen affinity than those cultivated under high DO conditions,as indicated by the oxygen half-saturation constant and nitrification ability. Based on nitrifier growth kinetics and on the oxygen mass transfer dynamic model(determined using different air flow rate(Q′_(air))and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids(MLVSS)values),theoretical analysis indicated limited potential for energy saving by improving aeration diffuser performance when the activated sludge system had low oxygen consumption; however,operating at low DO and low MLVSS could significantly reduce energy consumption. Finally,a control strategy coupling sludge retention time and MLVSS to minimize the DO level was discussed,which is critical to appropriate setting of the oxygen point and to the operation of low DO treatment technology.     

高无机悬浮物进水对城市污水厂处理效果的冲击影响及机理研究

针对我国南方城市污水厂经常出现的高无机悬浮物(SS)负荷冲击问题,在分析其进水水质特性的基础上,研究了高无机SS负荷冲击对活性污泥系统的污泥特性、污泥活性、出水水质和去除效率等方面的影响.结果表明:高无机SS负荷冲击条件下,剩余污泥的含水率会变小,排泥量是主要的控制参数,应减小冲击初期剩余污泥排放体积;活性污泥的硝化速率、反硝化速率、释磷速率和吸磷速率分别比正常情况下降了30.5%、36.7%、35.0%和28.1%;COD去除效率不会改变,SS、TN和NH+4-N的去除效率会降低,但能够提高TP的去除效率.研究结果可为制定相应的工艺对策和措施奠定基础.     

SBR中活性污泥培养驯化的研究

文章主要研究在序列间歇式活性污泥法(SBR)中活性污泥的培养驯化,以人工配制的污水作为营养液,通过控制温度(26℃左右)、pH(6.8～7.8)、溶解氧(2～6 mg/L)等试验条件来进行污泥的逐步培养驯化,主要探究在培养期间活性污泥浓度(主要测其MLSS)、对COD的去除效果、30分钟沉降比和活性污泥微生物相随培养时间变化而变化的规律。以及培养中出现的异常状况与解决方法。     

微气泡及其产生方式对活性污泥混合液性质的影响

微气泡曝气有助于强化氧传质过程,在废水好氧生物处理中具有潜在的应用优势;同时,微气泡及其产生方式可能对污泥混合液性质产生影响.本研究采用SPG膜微气泡发生系统研究了微气泡及其产生方式对污泥混合液性质的影响.结果表明,微气泡曝气中,微气泡附着于污泥絮体导致污泥上浮聚集,从而造成反应器中污泥浓度(MLSS)下降,以及污泥沉降性能变差.微气泡产生过程中,液体循环泵(离心型)产生的强水力剪切力作用于污泥混合液,造成污泥絮体破碎、污泥粒径减小以及污泥絮体EPS释放,进而使得上清液浊度和有机碳(特别是胶体有机碳)浓度升高,污泥絮体的再絮凝能力丧失.微气泡产生过程中,污泥破碎导致的污泥有机物的释放使得污泥混合液的黏度增加,但混合液表面张力保持不变.     

厌氧膜生物反应器污泥组分对膜污染的影响

对一体式厌氧膜生物反应器污泥进行离心分离,考察污泥各组分和膜污染的特性之间的关系.通过对已有理论模型进行变形,推导出阻力的数学模型方程式,并分析了膜通量、膜阻力的变化.同时对混合液悬浮固体进行了颗粒粒径分析,并与好氧膜生物反应器的污泥颗粒进行了对比分析.结果表明,污泥混合液悬浮固体形成阻力占膜总阻力的70%,胶体物质形成阻力占22%,溶解性物质形成阻力占8%.     

Adsorption behavior of sulfamethazine in an activated sludge process treating swine wastewater

Swine wastewater is an important pollution source of antibiotics entering the aquatic environment. In this work,the adsorption behavior of sulfamethazine(SMN),a commonlyused sulfonamide antibiotic,on activated sludge from a sequencing batch reactor treating swine wastewater was investigated. The results show that the adsorption of SMN on activated sludge was an initially rapid process and reached equilibrium after 6 hr. The removal efficiency of SMN from the water phase increased with an increasing concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids,while the adsorbed concentration of SMN decreased. Solution pH influenced both the speciation of SMN and the surface properties of activated sludge,thus significantly impacting the adsorption process. A linear partition model could give a good fit for the equilibrium concentrations of SMN at the test temperatures(i.e.,10,20 and 30°C). The partition coefficient(Kd) was determined to be 100.5 L/kg at 20°C,indicating a quite high adsorption capacity for SMN. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that SMN adsorption on activated sludge was an exothermic process. This study could help to clarify the fate and behavior of sulfonamide antibiotics in the activated sludge process and assess consequent environmental risks arising from sludge disposal as well.     

在线超声清洗对膜生物反应器污泥混合液特性的影响

采用低功率超声波实现了膜生物反应器中膜污染的在线超声清洗,考察在线超声清洗对污泥混合液特性的影响。结果表明:在线超声清洗能有效控制膜污染,但也会导致污泥浓度和污泥活性降低,混合液过滤性能变差,上清液有机物浓度上升,污泥絮体结构破解。污泥混合液特性的恶化必然会影响膜生物反应器的稳定运行,不利于膜污染的控制。为了避免混合液特性过度恶化,每次超声清洗时间应该控制在10 min以内。     

Treatment and remediation of a wastewater lagoon using microelectrolysis and modified DAT/IAT methods

To examine treatment and remediation of a wastewater lagoon with poor biodegradability, a typical wastewater lagoon in Tianjin, China, was treated and remedied using microelectrolysis and modified demand aeration tank (DAT)/intermittent aeration tank (IAT) methods. After pretreatment by microelectrolysis, the removal e ciency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was up to 64.6% and the ratio of BOC/COD in the e uent increased from 0.013 to 0.609. The removal rates of CODCr and NH+4 -N were a ected by sludge backflow rate, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), and hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the modified DAT/IAT reactor. The highest removal rates of CODCr and NH+4 -N were up to 78.9% and 62.6%, respectively, when the sludge backflow rate was 38.0 mL/min, the total HRT was 8.0 hr and MLSS was 4088.0 mg/L. In this case, some protozoa and metazoa were observed in activated sludge and biofilm carriers. Most of chrominance was removed by microelectrolysis treatment, while the modified DAT/IAT methods were more e ective for CODCr and NH+4 -N removal.     

不同工况的低强度超声波处理对活性污泥活性的影响

采用好氧活性污泥为试验材料,以污泥的比好氧呼吸速率(SOUR)、混合液悬浮固体浓度(MLSS)、COD去除率及污泥产率系数λ(ΔMLSS/ΔCOD)为指标,通过对超声频率、声强和作用时间3个参数设计的均匀试验,研究不同参数组合的超声处理对活性污泥的活性和代谢过程的影响.结果表明,采用28　kHz、20　W/L、2　min这一参数组合的超声处理可以有效增强活性污泥的活性,提高COD去除效果,并减少污泥产量.同时还研究了污泥浓度MLSS对超声处理效果的影响.通过单因素多水平试验,确定了适合于最佳超声参数组合的MLSS值.对于本次试验所用污泥,MLSS为3?000　mg/L时,超声处理达到了理想效果.根据试验结果,还对低强度超声波影响活性污泥活性和代谢过程的机理提出了假说性解释.     

接种单一/混合污泥对厌氧氨氧化反应器快速启动的影响

在两组SBR反应器R0、R1中分别接种单一类型反硝化颗粒污泥和反硝化颗粒污泥与好氧硝化污泥的混合污泥(体积比为2∶1)来启动厌氧氨氧化,旨在探求不同接种污泥对厌氧氨氧化反应器快速启动的影响.结果表明,R0用时64 d成功启动厌氧氨氧化,总氮去除负荷为0.26 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),R1用时47 d,总氮去除负荷为0.30 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),比R0缩短了17 d;在富集培养阶段,R1中红色污泥大量出现,系统厌氧氨氧化特征比R0更加明显;反应器启动成功后,R0的化学计量比为1.20和0.34,R1的化学计量比为1.26和0.21,比R0更接近理论值1.32和0.26,R0中污泥的MLSS和MLVSS分别恢复到初始种泥的51%(4.2 g·L~(-1))和38%(2.3 g·L~(-1)),R1中污泥的MLSS和MLVSS分别恢复到初始种泥的54%(4.4 g·L~(-1))和42%(2.6 g·L~(-1)),高于R0,可以推测,R1驯化过程中厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)增殖速率比R0更快.采用混合污泥作为接种污泥能够加速厌氧氨氧化的启动进程,且启动成功之后系统的脱氮性能更加稳定.     

泳动床/好氧颗粒污泥新技术处理生活污水的特性研究

基于生物膜法和活性污泥法的联合工艺技术,开发了泳动床/好氧颗粒污泥污水处理新技术.试验阶段,泳动床/好氧颗粒污泥技术表现出高效处理生活污水和实现污泥减量的显著特性.在水力停留时间HRT为3.2 h, COD负荷与NH⁺₄-Ｎ负荷分别为2.03 　kg/(m^３·d) 和0.52 　kg/(m^３·d)时,分别获得COD 90.9%和NH⁺₄-Ｎ 98.3%的平均去除效果.系统运行16 d开始出现好氧颗粒污泥,颗粒呈球形、椭球形和棒形,试验阶段混合液悬浮固体浓度MLSS最高达5 640 mg/L, MLVSS/MLSS平均高达0.87.此外,镜检表明好氧颗粒污泥与生物膜均聚集大量的原生动物和后生动物,形成较长和较稳定的食物链,有利于污泥减量,运行过程中污泥产率（MLSS/COD_removed）为0.175 5,仅为普通好氧工艺的50%左右.     

Autoheated thermophilic aerobic sludge digestion and metal bioleaching in a two-stage reactor system

A two-stage process has been developed for stabilization of sludge and removal of heavy metals from the secondary activated sludge with high rate of energy and time conservation.The first stage of the process involves autoheated thermophilic aerobic digestion at 55-60°C inoculated with less-acidophilic thermophilic sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms(ATAD).The results show that it is possible to maintain the autoheated conditions(55-60°C) in the ATAD reactor up to 24 hr,leading to reduction of 21% total solids(TS),27% volatile solids(VS),27% suspended solids(SS) and 33% volatile suspended solids(VSS) from the sludge.The sludge pH also decreased from 7 to 4.6 due to the activity of less-acidophilic thermophilic microorganisms.In the second stage operation,the digested sludge(pH 4.6,TS 31.6 g/L) from stage one was subjected to bioleaching in a continuous stirred tank reactor,operated at mean hydraulic retention times(HRTs) of 12,24 and 36 hr at 30°C.An HRT of 24 hr was found to be sufficient for removal of 70% Cu,70% Mn,75% Ni,and 80% Zn from the sludge.In all,39% VSS,76% Cu,78.2% Mn,79.5% Ni and 84.2% Zn were removed from the sludge in both the stages.     

膜生物反应器处理高浓度含酚废水研究

将膜生物反应器(MBR)用于高浓度含酚废水的处理中,探讨了进水中苯酚浓度、水力停留时间和污泥浓度对膜生物反应器处理含酚废水效果的影响。实验结果表明:经过42d驯化后,可以在高浓度含酚废水中正常运行,MBR系统对COD和氨氮的去除率分别可达98%和80.6%。当苯酚浓度为134mg/L时,处理的最佳水力停留时间为3h,最佳污泥浓度(MLSS)为7367mg/L。     

A hybrid membrane process for simultaneous thickening and digestion of waste activated sludge

A hybrid membrane process for simultaneous sludge thickening and digestion (MSTD) was studied. During one cycle (15 d) of operation under a hydraulic retention time of 1 d, the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) continuously increased from about 4 g·L⁻¹ to 34 g·L⁻¹, and the mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) increased from about 3 g·L⁻¹ to over 22 g·L⁻¹. About 42% of the MLVSS and 39% of the MLSS reduction were achieved. The thickening and digestion effects in the MSTD were further analyzed based on a mass balance analysis. Test results showed that biopolymers and cations of biomass were gradually released to the bulk solution during the process. It was also found that the capillary suction time, colloidal chemical oxygen demand, soluble microbial products, viscosity, and MLSS had significant positive correlations with the membrane fouling rate, whereas extracellular polymeric substances, polysaccharides, and proteins extracted from biomass had negative impacts on membrane fouling.     

PACT活性污泥中生物质量与粉末活性炭质量的计算和测定

本文根据活性污泥处理系统的物料平衡关系,提出PACT活性污泥中生物质量和粉末活性炭(PAC)质量的计算和测定方法.计算结果表明,曝气池混合液中PAC浓度随着PAC投加量和泥龄与水力停留时间的比值的提高而增加.通过实际测定活性污泥PAC在不同温度时的挥发量,得出三个联立方程式的基本系数,从而测得实际的PAC活性污泥试样中生物质量和PAC质量.