地下水氰化物污染的修复技术简介

氰化物是一种有剧毒的化合物,然而因为它和金属有很强的亲和力,被广泛应用于冶金行业中,冶金工业废水中含有大量的氰化物。理论上来说,储存环境和工作流程都可以做到安全环保,不会发生泄漏,但当发生事故时,氰化物很容易造成严重的地表水和地下水污染。氰化物进入地下水后,会有3种形态:自由氰基、可分解性弱酸氰化物(WAD)和可分解性强酸氰化物(SAD)。重点介绍了几种可行性较好的备选地下水氰化物污染修复技术,并对其适用范围、污染种类作出比较分析。     

炼焦废水生化处理技术研究进展

综述了近几年来炼焦废水及炼焦废水中主要成分(酚类、氨类物质、氰化物)的生化处理方法.其中废水中酚类物质的去除方法有投加有效菌、超滤法等;去除氨类物质的方法有A2/O法、纳滤法和反渗透法等;去除氰化物的方法有生物法和化学法等.综合处理炼焦废水的方法有双层生物膜法、生物脱氮法和含铁活性污泥处理技术等.     

环境中氰化物测定方法评述

氰化物在民用工业中用途十分广泛,但它是高毒物质,一旦发生泄漏,就会给人类的生存环境造成严重的后果,因此对环境中的氰化物进行监测具有非常重要的意义。对环境中氰化物测定的容量法、光度法（分光光度法、荧光法和原子吸收光度法）、电化学法（离子选择电极法、极谱法和安培法）、色谱法、放射化学法、流动注射分析法的原理、特点及监测效果作了详细的讨论,希望能够为相关研究者和企业提供有益的参考。     

含氰化物废渣、废水中游离氰化物的测定

测定含氰化物废渣及废水中游离氰化物时,由于铁氰复盐的干扰,给分析工作带来很大的困难。为此,人们曾提出在蒸馏中加入醋酸锌,使形成不溶性的铁氰化锌,以阻止铁氰复盐的分解。这一改进成功地解决了较高含量氰化物的测定问题。但是根据我们及罗伯特的试验,都发现加入醋酸锌尚不能完全阻止铁氰复盐的分解,因此对于环境分析中微量氰化物的测定仍然存在干扰。资料     

工业废水中总氰化物测定干扰物的排除

一、前言 在炼焦,电镀、洗印、化工,煤气等行业的工业废水都有氰化物排入地面水中。工业废水中的氰化物有不同形式。一般以“简单”氰化物(CN~-)和络合氰化物两种形式存在。实验证明很多种络合氰化物在一定条件下可分解为简单氰化物,同其它有害物质协同作用造成二次污染。     

直接电源法测定废水中氰化物及氰化物标准溶液稳定性研究

随着环境保护工作日益发展,剧毒氰化物的测定受到普遍重视,已成为环境监测的主要项目之一。 痕量氰化物的测定方法主要有比色法,选择性离子电极和极谱法等。但含氰样品测定一般都需要经蒸馏除硫化物等干扰物质,这是一种厌烦手续,而由于样品复杂性,有时蒸馏也有误差。 本工作的目的是应用直接电流法测定废水和地面水中的氰化物,并研究了标准氰化物稀溶液的稳定性,以便找出最好的配制条件和使用期限。     

焦亚硫酸钠／空气法处理含氰废水

G.J.Borbe等人于80年代初发明了脱除工业废水中氰化物的因科（In Co）SO_2/空气法除氰工艺,该工艺有脱氰彻底、操作简便、安全、用药量少、费用低等优点。在借鉴该工艺的基础上,试验用焦亚硫酸钠/空气法处理山东省新城金矿的含氰废水,获得了成功。 一、原理 焦亚硫酸钠/空气法的原理是利用SO_2—O_2混合气体做氧化剂,用二价铜做催化剂,控制在一定的pH范围内使CN~-氧化为CNO~-, CNO~-再经水解生成NH_3及HCO_3~-。二氧化硫是以焦亚硫酸钠的形式加入,二价铜是以CuSO_4·5H_2O的形式加入,用石灰调节pH值。总反应如下:     

电混凝处理电镀综合废水

采用电混凝法处理酸性电镀综合废水，首先研究了不同电流密度对总氰化物、重金属和化学需氧量（COD）去除率的影响。实验结果表明，电混凝可有效去除酸性电镀综合废水中的氰化物与重金属。随着电流密度的增大，总氰化物与重金属的去除率逐渐提高。当电流密度为10mA／cm2时，废水中残留的总氰化物、Cu2＋、Ni2＋、Cr6＋和Zn2＋ 的浓度分别为23．0、25．0、4．5、0．2和0．2mg／L。为了进一步提高去除率，在电化学体系中添加H2O2，随着H2O2投量的增大，总氰化物、重金属、COD去除率不断提高。当H2O2投量为3mL／L时，处理过废水中残留总氰化物、Cu2＋、Ni2＋、Cr6＋、Zn2＋和COD的浓度分别为0．2、2．0、3．0、1．5、0．1和220mg／L。     

液体高铁酸钠同时去除电镀废水中氰化物和重金属

采用自制的电化学装置在线制备液体高铁酸钠,然后将制得的高铁酸钠投加到电镀废水中进行处理,考察不同pH值和不同高铁酸钠投加量对废水中总氰化物、Cu~(2+)、Ni~(2+)去除率的影响;对比研究了高铁酸钠氧化法和次氯酸钠氧化法在处理低浓度含氰电镀废水的效果。结果表明,当pH为9~10,高铁酸钠的最佳投加量为0.O.24±0.048 mmol·L~(-1)时,总氰化物、Cu~(2+)和Ni~(2+)的同时去除率均在90%以上;在处理低浓度含氰电镀废水时,高铁酸钠对总氰化物、Cu~(2+)和Ni~(2+)的同时去除率均明显高于次氯酸钠。这是因为高铁酸钠能够有效地氧化多种络合态的氰化物,包括Cu(CN)_4~(3-)、Cu(CN)_4~,Ni(CN)_4~(2-)等使废水中的重金属转变为离子态;然后在碱性条件下在高铁酸盐还原产物-Fe(OH)_3助凝和絮凝作用下,反应生成沉淀达到同时去除氰化物和重金属的目的。     

间隔流动分析仪测定水和废水中的总氰化物

利用间隔流动分析仪测定水中的氰化物，对测定方法的检出限、重现性进行了实测，用氰化物的有证标样验证其准确性，其相对标准偏差为1．5％，相对误差为6．2％，测定方法的精密度及准确度均较好，并与国标方法进行了比较。     

A Field Demonstration of the UV/Oxidation Technology to Treat Ground Water Contaminated with VOCs

This paper presents the Geld evaluation results of the ultraviolet radiation (UV)/oxidation technology developed by Ultrox International, Santa Ana, California. The Geld evaluation was performed at the Lorentz Barrel and Drum (LB&D) site in San Jose, California, under the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation program in February and March of 1989.

The UV/oxidation technology uses UV radiation, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide to oxidize organic contaminants present in water. At the LB&D site, this technology was evaluated in treating ground water contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The Ultrox system achieved VOC removals greater than 90 percent. Most VOCs were removed through chemical oxidation. However, for a few VOCs, such as 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane and 1, 1-dichloroethane, stripping also contributed toward removal. The treated ground water met the applicable discharge standards for discharge into a local waterway at 95 percent confidence level. There were no harmful air emissions to the atmosphere from the Ultrox system, which is equipped with an off-gas treatment unit.     

Point-of-use water disinfection using UV light-emitting diodes to reduce bacterial contamination

The treatment process described in this research explores the impact of exposing water samples containing fecal coliforms to the radiation produced by single ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) operating at 265 nm. UV LEDs are long lasting, compact in size and produce more efficient light output than traditional mercury-vapour bulbs, making them ideal for application in point-of-use disinfection systems, such as in remote areas. In this study, contaminated water samples containing either a pure culture of Escherichia coli or tertiary effluent from the City of Regina Wastewater Treatment Plant were used to study the application and efficiency of using UV LEDs for water disinfection. The results indicate that bacterial inactivation was achieved in a time-dependent manner, with 1- and 2.5-log E. coli reductions in water following 20 and 50 min of UV LED exposure, respectively. Ultraviolet radiation was less effective in reducing coliform bacteria in wastewater samples due to the elevated turbidity levels. Further work remains to be completed to optimize the application of UV LEDs for point-of-use disinfection systems; however, the results from this study support that bacterial inactivation using UV LEDs is possible, meriting further future technological development of the LEDs.     

Analysis of extinction in ultraviolet and visible spectra of water bodies of the Paraguay and Brazil wetlands

The extinction spectra in ultraviolet and visible radiation were analyzed using filtered and unfiltered water samples obtained in 11 open water bodies in the Neembucù (Paraguay) and Pantanal (Brazil) wetlands. The role of dissolved and suspended matter in the total extinction was analyzed between 260 nm and 700 nm. The chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was the major component in extinction of considered ultraviolet radiation (260-400 nm). The differences in CDOM concentrations explained the main pattern of extinction of the ultraviolet radiation in the samples. Nevertheless, differences between the studied water bodies were found also to depend on the rate of photodegradation and photobleaching. The methodology developed in the present study was to distinguish "humic optic waters" according to quantity and quality of dissolved and suspended matter present. In the "humic optic water", the penetration of 10% of incident UV radiation and the photoactive layer are estimated. The influence of particulate matter increases in the total extinction of the wavelengths higher than 400 nm. The integral of the extinction curve of suspended matter in the visible wavelengths (400-700 nm) was found to relate with the total suspended solids and chlorophyll concentrations.     

Adaptive sampling based on the cumulative distribution function of order statistics to delineate heavy-metal contaminated soils using kriging

Correctly classifying "contaminated" areas in soils, based on the threshold for a contaminated site, is important for determining effective clean-up actions. Pollutant mapping by means of kriging is increasingly being used for the delineation of contaminated soils. However, those areas where the kriged pollutant concentrations are close to the threshold have a high possibility for being misclassified. In order to reduce the misclassification due to the over- or under-estimation from kriging, an adaptive sampling using the cumulative distribution function of order statistics (CDFOS) was developed to draw additional samples for delineating contaminated soils, while kriging. A heavy-metal contaminated site in Hsinchu, Taiwan was used to illustrate this approach. The results showed that compared with random sampling, adaptive sampling using CDFOS reduced the kriging estimation errors and misclassification rates, and thus would appear to be a better choice than random sampling, as additional sampling is required for delineating the "contaminated" areas.     

Why biota still accumulate high levels of PCB after removal of PCB contaminated sediments in a Norwegian fjord

Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) was still high after the removal of PCB contaminated sediments from a Norwegian fjord by dredging. The accumulation of low chlorinated PCB congeners with a low octanol water-partitioning coefficient (K_ow) in blue mussels and SPMDs was higher than for the highly chlorinated congeners with a high K_ow. The accumulation of low chlorinated congeners was also higher in a lightly contaminated area compared to a highly contaminated area. That dredging the contaminated sediments was unsuccessful in lowering PCB levels in the biota may be for the following reasons: (1) Due to the low solubility of PCBs in the water it is possible that a decrease in the sediment concentration of PCB would leave the water concentrations of PCB unchanged. (2) Removal of the fine organic sediments may also play an important role, since a seabed with coarse inorganic material has a lesser ability to bind PCB. (3) The dredging may whirl up fine contaminated particles that eventually settles on the seabed producing a thin contaminated sediment layer that determine the water concentration. (4) Bioaccumulation in blue mussels and in the SPMDs occurs mostly from PCB dissolved in the water column. Since the water concentration of PCB is unchanged by the dredging, the accumulation in SPMDs and mussels is the same as before dredging. Further monitoring need to be carried out to report the long-term effect of the dredging.     

Application of the comet assay and detection of DNA damage in haemocytes of medicinal leech affected by aluminium pollution: A case study

This report describes an investigation of genotoxic effects in medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana) exposed to water and sediment of Lake Njivice (Krk Island, Croatia) contaminated by aluminium compounds. The levels of primary DNA damage in leech haemocytes and loss of DNA integrity caused by acute and chronic exposure to contaminated water and sediment were investigated using the alkaline comet assay. Genotoxic effects induced by acute exposure to contaminants were evaluated on leech haemocytes and blood cells of fish and mouse treated ex vivo. The effects of chronic exposure were assessed on haemocytes sampled from an animal kept under laboratory conditions on contaminated water and sediment for 180 days. The results indicate the DNA damaging potential of aluminium compounds present in an excess amount in tested samples.     

In field arsenic removal from natural water by zero-valent iron assisted by solar radiation

An in situ arsenic removal method applicable to highly contaminated water is presented. The method is based in the use of steel wool, lemon juice and solar radiation. The method was evaluated using water from the Camarones River, Atacama Desert in northern Chile, in which the arsenic concentration ranges between 1000 and 1300 μg L⁻¹. Response surface method analysis was used to optimize the amount of zero-valent iron (steel wool) and the citrate concentration (lemon juice) to be used. The optimal conditions when using solar radiation to remove arsenic from natural water from the Camarones river are: 1.3 g L⁻¹ of steel wool and one drop (ca. 0.04 mL) of lemon juice. Under these conditions, removal percentages are higher than 99.5% and the final arsenic concentration is below 10 μg L⁻¹. This highly effective arsenic removal method is easy to use and inexpensive to implement.     

Biosurfactant technology for remediation of cadmium and lead contaminated soils

This research focuses on column experiments conducted to evaluate the potential of environmentally compatible rhamnolipid biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain BS2 to remove heavy metals (Cd and Pb) from artificially contaminated soil. Results have shown that di-rhamnolipid removes not only the leachable or available fraction of Cd and Pb but also the bound metals as compared to tap water which removed the mobile fraction only. Washing of contaminated soil with tap water revealed that approximately 2.7% of Cd and 9.8% of Pb in contaminated soil was in freely available or weakly bound forms whereas washing with rhamnolipid removed 92% of Cd and 88% of Pb after 36 h of leaching. This indicated that di-rhamnolipid selectively favours mobilization of metals in the order of Cd>Pb. Biosurfactant specificity observed towards specific metal will help in preferential elution of specific contaminant using di-rhamnolipid. It was further observed that pH of the leachates collected from heavy metal contaminated soil column treated with di-rhamnolipid solution was low (6.60-6.78) as compared to that of leachates from heavy metal contaminated soil column treated with tap water (pH 6.90-7.25), which showed high dissolution of metal species from the contaminated soil and effective leaching of metals with treatment with biosurfactant. The microbial population of the contaminated soil was increased after removal of metals by biosurfactant indicating the decrease of toxicity of metals to soil microflora. This study shows that biosurfactant technology can be an effective and nondestructive method for bioremediation of cadmium and lead contaminated soil.     

Soil contamination with radionuclides and potential remediation

Soils contaminated with radionuclides, particularly 137Cs and 90Sr, pose a long-term radiation hazard to human health through exposure via the foodchain and other pathways. Remediation of radionuclide-contaminated soils has become increasingly important. Removal of the contaminated surface soil (often up to 40 cm) or immobilization of radionuclides in soils by applying mineral and chemical amendments are physically difficult and not likely cost-effective in practicality. Reducing plant uptake of radionuclides, especially 137CS and 90Sr by competitive cations contained in chemical fertilizers has the general advantage in large scale, low-level contamination incidents on arable land, and has been widely practiced in central and Western Europe after the Chernobyl accident. Phytoextraction of radionuclides by specific plant species from contaminated sites has rapidly stimulated interest among industrialists as well as academics, and is considered to be a promising bio-remediation method. This paper examines the existing remediation approaches and discusses phytoextraction of radionuclides from contaminated soils in detail.     

Acid mine drainage arising from gold mining activity in Johannesburg,South Africa and environs

The Witwatersrand region of South Africa is famous for its gold production and a major conurbation, centred on Johannesburg, has developed as a result of mining activity. A study was undertaken of surface and ground water in a drainage system in this area. Soils were also analysed from a site within the mining district. This study revealed that the ground water within the mining district is heavily contaminated and acidified as a result of oxidation of pyrite (FeS2) contained within mine tailings dumps, and has elevated concentrations of heavy metals. Where the water table is close to surface, the upper 20 cm of soil profiles are severely contaminated by heavy metals due to capillary rise and evaporation of the ground water. The polluted ground water is discharging into streams in the area and contributes up to 20% of stream discharge, causing a lowering of pH of the stream water. Much of the metal load is precipitated in the stream: Fe and Mn precipitate as a consequence of oxidation, while other heavy metals are being removed by co-precipitation. The oxidation of iron has created a redox buffer which controls the pH of the stream water. The rate of oxidation and of dilution is slow and the deleterious effect of the addition of contaminated water persists for more than 10 km beyond the source.