广州市环境卫生数据库信息系统的建立和研究

本文主要介绍了ＧＺＥＳＭＩＳ研制的意义,目标,系统的基本内容,系统功能分析,特点,开发的软硬件环境。本系统得在Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ９８环境下,数据库采用ＭｉｃｒｏＳｏｆｔ Ｆｏｘｐｒｏ系列,空间图形处理软件,采用最新的ＡｕｔｏＤｅｓｋＷｏｒｌｄ专业版;图形制作软件选用ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ;工作语言软件则采用Ｖｉｓｕａｌ Ｂａｓｉｃ５．０专业版,建立了全中文界面的多媒体环卫管理信息系统。     

地理信息系统支持下的城市生态环境功能区划

本文以马鞍山市为例，利用地理信息系统软件－－ＩＤＲＩＳＩ进行ＧＩＳ支持下的城市生态环境功能区划，以生态环境适宜度分析方法进行了工业用地、居住用地、综合用地的适宜度分析，并以此为基础划分了城市生态环境功能区，最后，讨论了ＧＩＳ支持下的城市生态环境功能区划的优势与不足以及发展趋势。     

推进GIS在环境规划中应用的探讨

本文在分析了地理信息系统引入环境规划带来的优越性的基础上，通过对目前我国环境领域中ＧＩＳ应用现状及实例研究，得出要深化ＧＩＳ在我国环境科学中的应用，就必须加强ＧＩＳ上的模型分析，并最终建立起ＧＩＳ模型库。     

可持续城市发展规划：欧洲意识情景研讨会（EASW）

可持续城市发展规划：欧洲意识情景研讨会（ＥＡＳＷ）ＦｒａｎｃｉｓｃｏＦｅｒｎａｎｄｅｚ，欧洲委员会ＤＧＸ１１１／Ｄ－２，ＪｅａｎＭｏｎｎｅｔＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇ，Ｂ４／８７，ＰｌａｔｅａｕｄｕＫｉｒｃｈｂｅｒｇ，Ｌ－２９２０Ｌｕｘｅｍｂｏｕｒｇ意识情景研...     

Total Contents of Chinese Journal of Appliedand Enviromental Biologyin 2002 Vol.8

ＮｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｏｆａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌａｎｄｎａｔｕｒａｌｓｕｂａｌｐｉｎｅｓｐｒｕｃｅｆｏｒｅｓｔｓｉｎｗｅｓｔｅｒｎＳｉｃｈｕａｎ ＰＡＮＧＸｕｅｙｏｎｇｅｔａｌ ( 1)………ＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｐｌａｎｔｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓａｔｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅｆｒｏｍｔｏｕｒｉｓｔｐａｔｈｉｎｅｃｏｔｏｕｒｉｓｍｒｅｇｉｏｎＣＨＥＮＧＺｈａｎｈｏｎｇｅｔａｌ ( 8)…………………………………………………………………………………     

立柱无土栽培研究初报

立柱无土栽培研究初报龚颂福，李止正（中国科学院上海植物生理研究所上海２０００３２）关键词立柱无土栽培；蔬菜；花卉ＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＮＴＨＥＳＯＩＬＬＥＳＳＣＵＬＴＵＲＥＳＯＮＶＥＲＴＩＣＡＬＣＯＬＵＭＮＳ￥ＧｏｎｇＳｏｎｇｆｕａｎｄＬｉＺｈｉｓｈｅｎｇ...     

观点

观点ＭｉｃｈａｅｌＪｅｆｆｅｒｓｏｎ，世界能源理事会副秘书长，３４Ｓｔ．Ｊａｍｅｓ＇ｓＳｔｒｅｅｔ，ＬｏｎｄｏｎＳＷｌＡｌＨＤ，ＵｎｉｔｅｄＫｉｎｇｄｏｍ本刊：本期《产业与环境》集中讨论气候变化的工业意义．您能介绍世界理事会在界定和发展这个重要辩论领...     

实施ISO14000标准推动区域可持续发展

文章结合天津开发区建立区域ＩＳＯ１４０００环境管理体系、创建ＩＳＯ１４０００国家示范区，对在一个区域建立ＩＳＯ１４０００环境管理体系的必要性、可能性及重要意义进行了探讨，为城市或区域的可持续发展提供了一种全新的切实可物的工具和手段。     

天津市机动车污染评估方法

依据城市机动车空气污染评价方法确立了天津市空气污染物机动车污染的评价体系。该评价体系具有准确性、先进性和实用性，采用科学的方法估算天津市城区机动车排气污染物的排放浓度及总量对环境空气污染的分担率。科学地给出了天津市现阶段机动车污染的现状及发展趋势，为环境保护决策提供了科学依据。     

昆虫病毒增效蛋白的研究进展

杆状病毒是专化性很强的一类双链ＤＮＡ病毒,主要感染无脊椎动物,特别是鳞翅目昆虫．杆状病毒科又分为３个亚组：核型多角体病毒ＮＰＶ（Ｎｕｃｌｅａｒｐｏｌｙｈｅｄｒｏｓｉｓｖｉｒｕｓ）、颗粒体病毒ＧＶ（Ｇｒａｎｕｌｏｓｉｓｖｉｒｕｓ）和非包涵体型杆状病毒（...     

应用GIS模拟城市大气污染物浓度分布

从点源大气污染扩散模型出发,借助GIS的栅格与数据库运算功能,结合自已设计的推算流程,对兰州市大气污染物SO2的空间分布情况进行了模拟。经检验,该方法能够较准确的反映出兰州大气污染物的空间分布特征,较应用实测值进行插值的方法简便,具有较好的应用前景。     

Neue Aspekte in der Behandlung von Siedlungsabflüssen

The surface runoff from urban areas is one of the most important sources of pollutants emitted into surface waters. Suspended solids which act as a transport vehicle for many anthropogenic pollutants (e.?g. heavy metals, PAH) are a key factor in this regard. The development of efficient measures of storm water runoff treatment thus requires a further differentiation of suspended solids in a fine (clay and silt) and coarse (sand and gravel) fraction. Both fractions show distinctly different characteristics in pollutant loading, transport and retention on urban surfaces and sewer systems. The primary aim of storm water runoff treatment is the reduction of the fine particles which are always highly loaded with anthropogenic pollutants. In contrast the coarse particles are almost unpolluted especially if they have a low organic share. The widespread sedimentation tanks with surface loadings between 10 and 2?m/h are very inefficient. A significant, save and lasting reduction of the emitted load of fine particles requires a considerable reduction of the surface loads. That can be achieved with the installation of lamellar settler or the utilization of the very large volumes of flood management tanks frequently present in urban areas. Filtration plants are highly efficient but there application in urban areas is limited due to their high space demands.     

辽河流域工业废水污染物排放的时空变化规律研究

采用等标污染负荷法,针对改革开放和产业结构大调整前后的5个典型年份,从工业污染源空间特征出发分析了辽宁省辽河流域工业废水污染物排放的变化趋势,并讨论了重点污染物排放的时空变化规律。结果表明：辽河流域工业污染源主要分布在辽宁中部城市群及沿海地区,且有不断集中的趋势;工业废水排放总量以及污染物排放总量都呈不断减少的趋势;辽河流域主要污染物为COD、氨氮、挥发酚和石油类,有机污染物排放量高于无机污染物;重金属类污染物变化较大,1985—1999年重金属类以汞为主,2002—2005年期间重金属类以镉、铅和六价铬为主,2008年重金属类以铅、砷和六价铬为主;氨氮、COD的主要排放区域变化不大,挥发酚、石油类、铅、砷的主要排放区域变化很大,污染物排放区域转移趋势明显。     

An approach to calculating allowable watershed pollutant loads

To improve the management of discharge pollutants loads in the reservoirs’ watershed, an approach of the allowable pollutants loads calculation and its allocation, based on the water environment model, was proposed. Establishment of the approach framework was described at first. Under the guidance of this framework, two major steps were as follows: modeling and scenario analysis were involved and should be applied to support the decision of discharge loads management; Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code (EFDC) model was selected as the kernel model in this framework. In modeling step, spatial discretization for establishing cell map in model, data preprocessing, parameter calibration and uncertainty analysis (which is considered as the significantly relevant factor of the margin of safety (MOS)), were conducted. As a result of the research, the model-based approach presented as a combination of estimation and precise calculation, which contributed to scenario analysis step. Some integrated modules, such as scenario simulation, result analysis and plan optimization were implemented as cycles in the scenario analysis. Finally, allowable pollutant loads under various conditions were calculated. The Chaihe Reservoir in Liaoning Province, China was used as a case study for an application of the approach described above. Results of the Chaihe reservoir water quality simulation, show good agreement with field data and demonstrated that the approach used in the present study provide an efficient and appropriate methodology for pollutant load allocation.     

城市环境影响模拟的系统动力学研究

城市化进程的加快已导致严重的环境问题。对城市环境影响的模拟研究是确定合理的城市发展规模和制定科学的发展规划的重要依据,以采取措施从源头控制环境质量的恶化。城市环境属于复合多动态系统,传统的一些方法可以实现城市环境影响的模拟预测,但参数调控方面的功能较不完善。文章将基于信息反馈控制理论的系统动力学引入城市环境影响模拟中,构建城市环境、社会、经济之间的系统动力学模型,通过调整环保投入、科技投入、经济增长速率以及单位能耗等系统变量,对武汉市未来发展的主要污染物（SO2、COD）排放量和主要资源消耗量（能源、水）等进行了四种情景动态模拟。结果表明：（1）系统动力学适合于研究复杂系统行为,具有较强的模拟和调控能力,同时可以避免繁琐的计算和信息成本高等缺点;（2）＂两型＂发展模式（Ⅳ）下的资源消耗量和污染物排放量明显低于其它3种情景,但仍处于较高的水平。武汉市污染物削减、生态环境保护任务依然繁重,开发新的替代能源、提高资源利用率仍是今后工作的重点。     

大气污染指示植物的研究

自50年代以来.为寻找一种经济、实用和灵敏的方法来监测环境变化,开展了大量大气污染指示植物的研究.这些工作包括用植物叶片典型症状、树皮、草本植物、附生植物指示气体污染(O_3、PANs、NO_x、SO_2、HF、乙烯等)、粉尘以及重金属污染.进入80年代以后,有关研究集中到利用植物富集的污染物含量结合计算机等先进技术指示和监测大气环境变化及进行大气质量评价.本文对国内外开展的大气污染指示植物研究的历史及其主要方法作了简要介绍,并就利用植物指示和监测大气污染的若干问题进行了探讨.     

QUAL2E模型在大沽河干流青岛段水质模拟中的应用

采用QUAL2E模型对大沽河干流青岛段的水质进行了模拟和预测。针对大沽河的具体情况,选用BOD5、COD和氮作为模拟预测指标,用实验模拟方法、模型率定法并参考相关文献确定了BOD耗氧系数k1、BOD复氧系数k2、BOD沉降系数k3、COD耗氧系数和弥散系数等水质参数,并对模拟结果进行了验证,表明预测值和实测值的相关性较好;对BOD5、k1、k2和Q(流量)进行了灵敏度分析,结果表明对大沽河DO浓度影响敏感的参数依次是:Q、k2、BOD、k1,即流量Q是模型最敏感的参数,说明河流的水力学参数对DO影响较大。     

城市街道内机动车排放污染物NO对流扩散的特征

采用现场观测和数值模拟的方法研究了城市街道内机动车排放污染物中的NO扩散特征。结果表明:城市街道中机动车排放污染物的对流扩散取决于屋顶风向和风速,随着建筑物顶部气流速度的增大,街道内同样位置的污染物浓度相对减小;当风向垂直于街道轴线时,街道内同样位置的污染物浓度最大;同时街道内机动车排放的污染物浓度与车流量成正比关系,即机动车流量越大污染物浓度越高。     

乡镇工业电镀行业主要污染物排放量的估算方法

电镀分有氰电镀与无氰电镀两类。乡镇工业电镀行业的环境污染最主要是氰污染和铬污染。本文针对乡镇电镀行业的特点,调查了湖南省沅江市、四川省新都县、湖北省黄陂县、汉川县以及江苏省部分县市乡镇电镀厂,将收集资料及实际监测资料进行回归分析,得出乡镇电镀行业的污染物发生量大小与原材料的消耗有关,可以用多元回归方程估算乡镇电镀行业主要污染物发生量。这一估算方法简单易行,实用可靠,操作方便。     

Simulating the impacts of land-use changes on non-point source pollution in Lugu Lake watershed

Protection of the water quality of Lugu Lake is important because it is a unique geographic and cultural resource. Not only point source pollution but also non-point source pollution contribute to degradation of water quality. A GIS-NPS model, with long-term hydrologic impact assessment (L-THIA), was used to evaluate long-term implications of land-use change impacts on non-point source (NPS) pollution. The land-use patterns of 1995 and 2005 were analysed to determine the changes in Lugu Lake watershed. A 30-year (1974–2003) precipitation dataset was used to estimate mean annual surface runoff and NPS pollutant loads. The contributions of different land-use categories to average annual runoff and NPS pollutant production were assessed with a unit contribution index (UCI). Results show loss of agricultural land (by 44.9%), while forest, grass/pasture and residential land increased to different degrees from 1995 to 2005. At the same time, annual average NPS pollutants, TN, TP, TSS and BOD loads all decreased, while heavy metal lead increased by 6.87%. The UCI formulated in this research was a more useful method to assess land-use impact on NPS pollutants than simple investigations of the percentage land-use change. Agricultural and residential land changes had more impact on NPS pollutants and were identified as the main source types. Suggestions on regulating land uses and management proposals for protecting lake water quality in Lugu Lake watershed are made.