污水处理厂及其单元的优化设计研究

介绍了不同时期的几个城市污水处理厂系统优化设计模型，对污水处理厂部分单元的优化设计进行了分析。从PLC的控制角度对污水处理厂的优化设计进行了简述；并提出了城市污水处理厂优化设计研究中几个有待于进一步解决的问题。     

城市污水处理厂中的能耗及能源综合利用

从城市污水处理厂工艺处理流程的角度探讨了城市污水处理厂的能耗,指出污水处理厂运行的主要耗能设备,并在此基础上对污水处理厂的节能从设计、运行进行了阐述,提出了节能措施;对污泥所含能量的回收与综合利用做了初步探讨,该研究对城市污水处理厂的设计、运行具有重要的指导意义和工程应用价值,具有较高的经济效益和环境效益。     

城市污水处理厂环境影响评价中的问题探讨

针对城市污水处理厂项目的特点，分析探讨了此类项目环境影响评价中应注意的几个问题。     

城市污水处理厂设备国产化问题

本文分析了我国城市污水处理厂设备国产化的现况,国产设备的主要差距,指出今后发展中应注意的几个问题。     

两种含不同T型氧化沟工艺的城市污水处理厂除磷脱氮效果分析

对两个采用不同T型氧化沟工艺的城市污水处理厂的工艺、除磷脱氮的效果进行了分析,提出T型氧化沟工艺在大型城市污水处理厂仍有良好的应用前景。     

城市污水处理厂市场化运营的思考

根据目前城市污水处理厂建设与管理中存在的主要问题，以博兴县城市污水处理厂为实例，提出了城市污水处理厂建设、管理、与运营的一些思考，对污水处理厂的规范化建设管理，完善有关法律制度，推进城市污水处理市场化、产业化健康发展有着积极的指导作用。     

谈谈城市污水处理厂设备国产化问题

环保产业的发展很大程度上取决于政府的决策和引导,如国家加大治理“三河”“三湖”的力度以及国务院要求2000年工业废水要达标排放,这是个难得的机遇,大大促进了水环境治理的进展。在水污染治理中,当前突出的问题是城市污水处理厂的建设问题。在全国666个设市的城市中,532个城市根本没有城市污水处理厂,已建的城市污水处理厂160座,年处理能力38．1亿m3,城市污水处理率仅达13．6％左右（其中二级处理率为8．4％）。对我国许多城市来说,城市总污水量中生活污水约占40％,一些较发达的大城市,如上海、北京及南方一些城市,生活污水…     

我国城市污水处理厂运行状况及加强监管对策

分析了我国目前城市污水处理厂的建设和运行管理状况，城市污水处理厂难以正常运营的主要原因，指出提升污染源监控水平，做好“源头控制”；规范运营机制，完善“过程控制”；健全监控体制，加强“末端控制”是当前加强城市污水处理厂监管工作的主要途径。     

含铀废水预处理后纳入城市污水管网可行性研究

针对含铀废水接入某城市污水处理厂可能造成的环境影响进行研究,并从国家相关法律法规、污水处理厂的接收标准及含铀废水对污水处理厂设备的可能影响等方面,论证含铀废水纳入城市污水管网的可行性。研究中采用IAEA-SRS-NO. 19报告推荐的小型湖泊模型计算污水处理厂沉淀池中放射性核素沉积到底泥的方法,并计算由于含铀废水对污水处理厂清污人员、巡视人员和参观人员造成的辐射剂量,以及含铀废水排放对沿岸公众所致辐射剂量。经计算,污水处理厂污泥清污工作人员、巡视工作人员、参观人员及周围用水人群所受剂量均远低于0.01mSv/a的公众剂量约束值。从相关法律法规及标准、废水接入标准的符合性、对污水处理厂的净化效率和污水处理设备的影响以及对公众和工作人员的辐射环境影响方面,含铀废水纳入城市污水管网是可行的。     

城市污水处理厂建设应注意的问题

通过分析城市污水处理厂建设中的问题，指出建设城市污水处理厂应本着“因地制宜，实事求是”的原则来进行。     

Wastewater Effluent,Combined Sewer Overflows,and Other Sources of Organic Compounds to Lake Champlain1

Abstract: Some sources of organic wastewater compounds (OWCs) to streams, lakes, and estuaries, including wastewater‐treatment‐plant effluent, have been well documented, but other sources, particularly wet‐weather discharges from combined‐sewer‐overflow (CSO) and urban runoff, may also be major sources of OWCs. Samples of wastewater‐treatment‐plant (WWTP) effluent, CSO effluent, urban streams, large rivers, a reference (undeveloped) stream, and Lake Champlain were collected from March to August 2006. The highest concentrations of many OWCs associated with wastewater were in WWTP‐effluent samples, but high concentrations of some OWCs in samples of CSO effluent and storm runoff from urban streams subject to leaky sewer pipes or CSOs were also detected. Total concentrations and numbers of compounds detected differed substantially among sampling sites. The highest total OWC concentrations (10‐100 μg/l) were in samples of WWTP and CSO effluent. Total OWC concentrations in samples from urban streams ranged from 0.1 to 10 μg/l, and urban stream‐stormflow samples had higher concentrations than baseflow samples because of contributions of OWCs from CSOs and leaking sewer pipes. The relations between OWC concentrations in WWTP‐effluent and those in CSO effluent and urban streams varied with the degree to which the compound is removed through normal wastewater treatment. Concentrations of compounds that are highly removed during normal wastewater treatment [including caffeine, Tris(2‐butoxyethyl)phosphate, and cholesterol] were generally similar to or higher in CSO effluent than in WWTP effluent (and ranged from around 1 to over 10 μg/l) because CSO effluent is untreated, and were higher in urban‐stream stormflow samples than in baseflow samples as a result of CSO discharge and leakage from near‐surface sources during storms. Concentrations of compounds that are poorly removed during treatment, by contrast, are higher in WWTP effluent than in CSO, due to dilution. Results indicate that CSO effluent and urban stormwaters can be a significant major source of OWCs entering large water bodies such as Burlington Bay.     

中国城市污水集中处理的现状与对策研究

随着我国城市的迅速发展，城市普遍面临着水资源缺乏和水环境恶化的问题，已影响到城市的可持续发展。城市污水集中处理是解决城市水危机的有效方法，也是保护城市水环境的重要防线。分析了当前我国城市污水处理业的现状以及存在的问题，提出了加快污水处理厂技术革新，建设城市污水管网，加快城市污水回用产业化和完善污水处理厂的运营模式等解决办法，以保证我国城市实现可持续发展。     

二段混凝沉淀-曝气氧化-砂滤处理印刷电路板废水

探讨印刷电路板废水处理工艺。针对某印刷电路板厂废水水质特点,采用“二段混凝沉淀一曝气氧化一砂滤”工艺对其进行处理。运行结果表明,废水准确分类及预处理、曝气氧化和投加重金属捕捉荆是保证出水达标的重要措施。该工艺处理效果稳定,出水水质低于《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）中一级标准。本研究为印刷电路板废水的处理提供了一条可行途径。     

城市污水处理厂恶臭浓度分布规律及其防治措施

城市污水处理厂的主要大气污染物之一为恶臭污染,恶臭问题已经成为环境领域的一个重要研究课题。恶臭污染物的来源主要是初沉池等水流湍动处,其成分主要是含氮化合物、含硫化合物、含氧有机物等。分析了恶臭污染物的来源、成分和浓度分布等,对确定城市污水处理厂的卫生防护距离进行了讨论,并介绍了目前国内外主要恶臭污染防治措施。湿式吸收氧化法和生物过滤法这两种技术是当前发展和应用的方向。     

Assessing the environmental performance of urban wastewater systems using the INSA model: application to the Algés-Alcântara wastewater system, in Portugal

Although the application of complex integrated models to wastewater systems is useful, it is often difficult to implement and not always suitable for the design of new systems or for their rehabilitation. Integrated simple approaches that allow assessing the environmental performance of urban wastewater systems may be advantageous, especially during the initial phases of the system planning process. This paper presents an original, straightforward approach that can be used for planning, design and operation of urban wastewater systems. The INtegrated Simplified Approach (INSA) combines the concepts of performance indicators with mass balances and can be applied to wastewater systems as a management support tool, particularly in situations where there is lack of data, economic limitations or time constraints. The INSA was applied to the Algés-Alcantara wastewater system to evaluate its environmental performance and to simulate the individual or combined impact of the rehabilitation measures proposed, thus defining their priority. The results clearly indicate that, despite the investment already made upgrading the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), the proposed interventions must be implemented to ensure an acceptable environmental performance of the system. In addition, the results demonstrate the significant pollution loads present in stormwater, frequently higher than the pollution loads discharged into receiving waters during dry weather.     

活性污泥法的发展及其工程选择

本文阐述了城市污水处理活性污泥法的发展沿革,着重介绍了近三十年出现的几个重要工艺的特点;文中还提出在建设中、小城市污水处理厂时对工艺行根据。建设在目前应更多关注SBR,UNITANK及OD工艺。     

THE IMPACT OF WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES ON URBAN WATER SUPPLY PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: Optimal policies for supplying rapidly expanding urban centers with additional water supplies are shown to be dependent on water quality goals for the urban effluent. As effluents are required to meet increasingly stringent standards, the unit costs associated with adding capacity to existing wastewater treatment systems to renovate some waters for reuse are shown to substantially decrease. A nonlinear elimination algorithm is developed to delineate optimal policies. A model employing the technique was applied to the wastewater treatment system of a typical urban system and the water quality objectives varied. A comparison of costs with and without various levels of reuse were made and unit costs of reused water under these conditions determined.     

氰镉废水处理工艺技术的研究与应用

本文阐述了氰镉废水的来源及危害,分析了氰镉废水的处理方法,研究了氰镉废水处理技术及工艺,论述处理技术设备的选择及系统集成PLC控制;介绍了二氧化氯破氰工艺技术及JD-5型一体化电镀废水处理设备原理及应用。本次研究的工艺技术的成功应用为国内同类废水处理提供了样板工程和经验。     

Nitrous oxide emissions from wastewater treatment and water reclamation plants in southern California

Nitrous oxide (N?O) is a long-lived and potent greenhouse gas produced during microbial nitrification and denitrification. In developed countries, centralized water reclamation plants often use these processes for N removal before effluent is used for irrigation or discharged to surface water, thus making this treatment a potentially large source of N?O in urban areas. In the arid but densely populated southwestern United States, water reclamation for irrigation is an important alternative to long-distance water importation. We measured N?O concentrations and fluxes from several wastewater treatment processes in urban southern California. We found that N removal during water reclamation may lead to in situ N?O emission rates that are three or more times greater than traditional treatment processes (C oxidation only). In the water reclamation plants tested, N?O production was a greater percentage of total N removed (1.2%) than traditional treatment processes (C oxidation only) (0.4%). We also measured stable isotope ratios (δN and δO) of emitted N?O and found distinct δN signatures of N?O from denitrification (0.0 ± 4.0 ‰) and nitrification reactors (-24.5 ± 2.2 ‰), respectively. These isotope data confirm that both nitrification and denitrification contribute to N?O emissions within the same treatment plant. Our estimates indicate that N?O emissions from biological N removal for water reclamation may be several orders of magnitude greater than N?O emissions from agricultural activities in highly urbanized southern California. Our results suggest that wastewater treatment that includes biological nitrogen removal can significantly increase urban N?O emissions.     

Socio-technical Systems as Place-specific Matters of Concern: The Role of Urban Governance in the Transition of the Wastewater System in Denmark

In recent years, cities have been portrayed as important loci for transformations of large-scale systems. This paper contributes to scholarship on urban transitions by exploring why the boundaries, functions and challenges of large-scale systems typically are framed differently at the urban level of governance than at more aggregated levels of governance. Empirically, we examine the wastewater system in Denmark by contrasting framings at the urban and national levels over the last 20 years and the transition dynamics that emerged as a consequence of their juxtaposition. The findings illustrate that urban governance of the wastewater system was influenced by a particular concern with developing attractive and competitive urban spaces. The wastewater system emerged as a ‘place-bound’ and even ‘place-making’ governance concern; as such, the boundaries and functions of the system were subject to continuous redefinition at the city level. This urban framing conflicted with the national-level, efficiency-oriented framing of the wastewater system as homogenous, without regard to place-specific differences. The research findings suggest that a distinct characteristic of urban-level governance is concern for place-specific development; this concern can be transformative because it leads to ongoing reinterpretation of traditional boundaries and dependencies between large-scale systems and local contexts.