氢化物发生——分光光度法连续测定砷和铋

过去氢化物发生技术多应用于单一元素的测定,我们从同一试液中测定多元素出发,开展了氢化物发生——分光光度法连续测定砷和铋的研究。微量铋的分析有铋碘络阴离子与碱性染料形成络合物的萃取光度法等。氢化物发生——分光光度法测定铋的方法也有报导,但消除干扰操作较繁。我们将铋化氢导入铁(Ⅲ)-邻菲啰啉的乙醇溶液,得到了红色的铁(Ⅱ)-邻菲啰啉,此一反应可用于铋的分光光度测定。此法锑将产生严重干扰。若将锑(砷)氧化为高价后,再于pH4.5—5.0用硼氢化钾将铋离子转变为铋化氢,此时锑(砷)离子仍留在溶液中,消除了锑对铋测定的干扰。本方法按取试样1g计,砷检出限为0.07ppm(35),铋检出限为0.08ppm(35)。应用于河流沉积物、岩矿和金属样品中砷和铋的连续测定,得到了较好结果。     

氢化物发生—原子荧光法测定水中砷（Ⅲ）,砷（V）

以吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸铵（ＡＰＤＣ）络合砷（Ⅲ），氯仿萃取，用湿消化法处理萃取液，消除有机物质干扰，所得消化样品用氢化物发生－原子荧光测定砷（Ⅲ）。在水样中加入碘化钾还原砷（Ｖ）至砷（Ⅲ），用相同方法测定总量。总量减去砷（Ⅲ）量，求得砷（Ｖ）含量。     

气动进样氢化物发生原子吸收法测定水中低含量硒

水样用盐酸和高氯酸消化,消化液在氢化物发生器中与硼氢化物钾反应,生成硒化氢,用载气送入石英管原子化器,配以石墨炉程序控制,测定水中低含量硒,线性范围０μｇ／Ｌ～２５μｇ／Ｌ特征灵敏度０．５ｎｇ／ｍＬ／１％,相对标准差６．８％,测定速度９０次／ｈ。     

异丙醇增感电感耦合等离子体质谱法直接测定土壤和沉积物中硒

提出了沸水浴混合酸法消解,以异丙醇为增感剂,电感耦合等离子体质谱直接测定土壤和沉积物中硒的方法。实验表明2mol/L硝酸-4mol/L盐酸混酸能有效溶出土壤和沉积物中各种形态的硒。相对于1%硝酸基体,4%(V/V)异丙醇基体中硒的ICP-MS响应值提高了12.1倍;而且4%(V/V)异丙醇基体可有效抑制硒的质谱干扰。ICP发射功率和雾化气流速是影响异丙醇在ICP-MS测定过程增敏效应的主要因素。以78硒为测定同位素,方法检出限为0.005mg/kg,实际样品测定精密度均小于5%。用于测定土壤和沉积物国家标准样品并对其消解液进行加标回收实验,结果令人满意。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定水中砷(Ⅲ)、砷(Ⅴ)

以吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸铵(APDC)络合砷(Ⅱ),氯仿萃取,用湿消化法处理萃取液,消除有机物质干扰,所得消化样品用氢化物发生-原子荧光测定砷(Ⅱ)。在水样中加入碘化钾还原砷(Ⅴ)至砷(Ⅱ),用相同方法测定总量。总量减去砷(Ⅱ)量,求得砷(Ⅴ)含量。     

水和废水中硒的荧光测定法

本文证实了水样不经消化直接测定,或经硝酸-过氯酸混合酸液消化及经混合酸液消化后加盐酸继续消化等不同的前处理方法可分别测定出水中Se~(4+),Se~(6+)及总Se等不同价态硒含量。     

分光光度法测定水中总硒

本文采用1+1硝酸-高氯酸及盐酸二次消化水样后,用3,3’—二氨基联笨胺分光光度法测定水中总硒。进行了溶液酸度、混合酸及混合试剂用量等条件试验,本法最低检出限为0.23μg。含硒量为未检出至21.3μg/L,加入10～25μg/L硒,回收率101～108％。     

氢化物发生——原子吸收法测定人发中砷

应用自制氢化物发生才电加热石英管原子吸收仪测定人发中砷。用硝酸－高氯酸进行消解，加入碘化钾溶液、抗坏血酸－硫脲混合液，消除了各种元素的干扰。方法简便快速、灵敏度高。发样砷的方法检测限为０．０３ｍｇ／ｋｇ，相对标准偏差在２．５％以内。     

滤膜对环境空气中砷测定的影响及改进

依据《环境空气和废气 颗粒物中砷、硒、铋、锑的测定 原子荧光法》（HJ 1133—2020）的要求,对采集环境空气中砷的9种滤膜的本底值、回收率、检出限、精密度和准确度进行了实验对比。根据实验各项性能指标及成本考虑,建议选择尼龙、硝酸纤维或混合纤维3种国产有机滤膜,其购买方便、价格较低,方法检出限均为0.2 ng/m³,精密度和准确度均能满足环境空气中砷的测定要求。     

土壤和底质中砷形态分析前处理技术

利用可溶性砷（包括有机砷、砷的无机含氧化合物）和硫化砷的特性进行砷的形态分析。在２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ盐酸中提取可溶性砷，与硫化砷进行分离，分别测定总砷和可溶性砷后差值为硫化砷，在９ｍｏｌ／Ｌ硫酸－碘化钾溶液中用苯萃取砷的无机含氧化合物与有机砷进行分离，可分别测定有机砷的砷的无机含氧化合物。     

我国沙尘暴灾害及其治理对策初步研究

分析研究了沙尘暴的成因、时空分布、发展趋势及造成的灾害，结合国外经验提出了我国治理的对策建议。     

新疆室内环境污染监测和治理工作现状与建议

针对目前室内环境监测工作出现的种种问题,就如何规范的开展室内环境监测工作,更好地为社会提供真实、准确、有效的监测数据,本文提出相关的探讨。     

Disembodied and Disembedded? The Social and Economic Implications of Atmospheric Change and Biodiversity

The social and economic implications of atmospheric change on biodiversity need to be seen in a global context of major shifts in the conceptualization and management of our relationship with nature. Traditionally, we have conceptualized the atmosphere and the other creatures of the biosphere as separate from the human, but their quasi-autonomy is now becoming subject to more and more human management. This raises not only economic issues, but social, political, and ethical concerns that will have substantial influence on public policy. Among these are the commodification of genetic material; the privatization of traditional knowledge; and the management of information. In this broader context, the paper examines an array of current and proposed strategies of response to changes in biodiversity as a result of climatic and other stresses.     

Atmospheric Change and Biodiversity: Co-Networks and Networking

Canada responded to the Global Biodiversity Convention by completing the Canadian Biodiversity Strategy in 1995. At the same time, Environment Canada also completed a national Science Assessment on Biodiversity. During this period, the Smithsonian Institution, in partnership with Parks and Environment Canada, initiated the implementation of a global biodiversity monitoring program in Canada. Under the auspices of the United Nations Man and the Biosphere Program, the SI/MAB monitoring protocols and plots have spread across Canada at an unprecedented rate. National champions in the science and educational sectors, working within an inter-disciplinary ecological framework, have guided the development, education, quality control and sharing of atmosphere-biodiversity observations electronically.Atmospheric-Biodiversity Networks and Networking have traditionally operated within separate mandates with little degree of integration. Air-Bio Networks were designed within an integrated framework to better understand the atmospheric stress on biodiversity and the adaptation actions, nationally and regionally. Detailed examples of the cumulative effects of climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, acid deposition, ground-level ozone, suspended particulate matter and hazardous air pollutants on biodiversity will be discussed using a Southern Ontario case study. In addition, recommendations will be presented for future paired SI/MAB plots, linked networks and networking for adaptation within the context of climate, chemical and ecological gradients.     

太原市冬、夏季醛酮化合物污染特征及来源分析

针对太原市空气臭氧污染较为严重的问题,开展臭氧主要前体物醛酮化合物质量浓度及其变化规律研究.利用2,4-二硝基苯肼固相吸附/高效液相色谱方法,通过对太原市2019年冬季和夏季大气的醛酮化合物进行分析,发现太原市冬季总醛酮化合物的平均质量浓度为13μg/m3,低于夏季的27μg/m3.其中甲醛、乙醛和丙酮质量浓度最高,且...     

Dissipation and residue of metalaxyl and cymoxanil in pepper and soil

A simple and accurate method of determining metalaxyl and cymoxanil in pepper and soil was developed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection. The limits of detection were 0.015 mg/kg for metalaxyl and 0.003 mg/kg for cymoxanil. The limits of quantification were 0.05 mg/kg for metalaxyl in pepper and soil as well as 0.01 mg/kg for cymoxanil in pepper and soil. Recoveries of pepper and soil were investigated at three spiking levels and ranged within 77.52 to 102.05 % for metalaxyl and 87.15 to 103.21 % for cymoxanil, with relative standard deviations below 9.30 %. For field experiments, the half-lives of metalaxyl were 3.2 to 3.9 days in pepper and 4.4 to 9.5 days in soil at the three experimental locations in China. At harvest, pepper samples were found to contain metalaxyl and cymoxanil well below the maximum residue limit MRLs of the European Union (EU) following the recommended dosage and the interval of 21 days after last application.     

Determination and study on dissipation and residue of bismerthiazol and its metabolite in Chinese cabbage and soil

A simple and accurate method for the determination of bismerthiazol and its metabolite 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole was developed in Chinese cabbage and soil by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection in this study. The limits of detection were 0.06 mg/kg for bismerthiazol and 0.03 mg/kg for 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, respectively. Recoveries of cabbage and soil were investigated at three spiking levels and were in the range of 84.0–96.0 % for bismerthiazol and 71.0–74.6 % for 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, with relative standard deviations below 7.0 %. For field experiments, the half-life of bismerthiazol was 2.4–2.5 days in Chinese cabbage and 2.5–4.8 days in soil at the two experimental locations in China. Dissipation residues of 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole were lower than 0.72 mg/kg. Terminal residues of bismerthiazol and its metabolite were less than 3.0 and 0.3 mg/kg in Chinese cabbage, respectively. No bismerthiazol or metabolite residues were detected in soil on days 5, 7, 10, and 14 after the last spraying at the two dosage levels.     

环境监理与环境管理的区别与联系

阐述了环境监理与环境管理的关系，指出了以制度和程序规范两者的分工与合作可充分发挥环境监理在环境管理中的作用     

Residues and dissipation of trifloxystrobin and its metabolite in tomatoes and soil

A simple residue analytical method using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) procedure for the determination of trifloxystrobin and its metabolite trifloxystrobin acid (CGA321113) in tomato and soil was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The limits of detection were 0.0005 mg/kg for trifloxystrobin and 0.001 mg/kg for trifloxystrobin acid, respectively. The average recoveries in tomato and soil ranged from 73–99 % for trifloxystrobin and 75–109 % for trifloxystrobin acid, with relative standard deviations below 15 %. The method was then used to study the dissipation and residues in tomato and soil. The dissipation half-lives of trifloxystrobin in tomato were 2.9 days (Beijing) and 5.4 days (Shandong), while in soil were 1.9 days (Beijing) and 3.0 days (Shandong), respectively. The final results showed that the major residue compound was trifloxystrobin in tomato whereas it was its metabolite, trifloxystrobin acid, in soil. The final residues of total trifloxystrobin (including trifloxystrobin acid) were below the EU maximum residue limit of 0.5 mg kg^?1 in tomato 3 days after the treatment.     

废旧干电池的环境污染防治及回收利用

介绍了各种干电池的基本化学组成，分析了废旧干电池污染环境的主要途径及对人类的危害，并就回收利用问题提出建议。