龙凤山本底站大气CO2数据筛分及浓度特征研究

针对黑龙江龙凤山区域大气本底站2009年1月～2011年12月低层(离地10 m)和高层(离地80 m)大气CO2在线观测数据,选取低层数据重点开展研究,分析地面风向和风速等因素对观测CO2浓度的影响.结果表明,龙凤山低层大气CO2浓度明显受局地源汇影响,其与高层观测结果差异在白天08:00～17:00相对较小,小于(0.5±0.5)×10-6(物质的量比).春、夏和秋这3个季节E-ESE-SE-SSE扇区来向的地面风会明显抬升大气CO2浓度,而冬季N-NNW-NW-WNW扇区CO2浓度明显较高.该站4个季节近地面CO2浓度随着风速增大而逐渐减小,在冬季尤为明显.结合日变化及地面风的影响,对低层观测数据进行初步本底/非本底筛分,筛选出代表东北区域混合均匀CO2水平的本底数据占总数据的30.7%.本底CO2浓度季节变化显示该站大气CO2浓度呈现冬季高夏季低的趋势,季振幅约为(36.3±1.4)×10-6,明显大于同期WMO/GAW同纬度站点观测结果,2009～2011年龙凤山大气CO2平均增长率为2.4×10-6a-1.     

龙凤山大气本底站CO浓度特征及传输路径分析

利用2017年1月—2019年11月龙凤山大气本底站一氧化碳（CO）连续观测资料和NOAA再分析资料,对东北平原地区大气CO浓度季节变化及其排放源特征进行研究.结果表明：龙凤山站CO日变化规律具有季节性差异,春、秋和冬季CO浓度均在午后13：00—14：00出现最低值,秋和冬季19：00出现峰值,春季2：00出现最峰值,冬季CO浓度日平均最大,日振幅最大.夏季CO日变化不同于其他季节,在8：00—13：00维持较高值,在16：00—次日04：00维持较低,峰值出现在08：00,谷值出现在00：00.龙凤山站CO浓度具有明显的周期性季节变化和波动下降趋势,呈现出冬季高夏季低的特点,最高值出现在1月,最低值出现在6月,月平均浓度明显高于青藏高原地区浓度水平,全年CO月均值振幅为134.8×10^-9 ± 2.5×10^-9（物质的量分数,下同）.在春、夏和秋季西南方向地面风能够明显抬升观测CO浓度,冬季西北方向地面风能够明显抬升观测CO浓度.后向轨迹聚类、浓度权重轨迹分析（CWT）以及地面风结果分析表明：SSW-SW-WSW扇区内的城市交通及工业等人为排放是龙凤山站的CO潜在源区,此外,冬季的NW-NNW-N扇区的短距离输送也是龙凤山站的CO潜在源区.     

北京市大气甲醛浓度研究

分别于2006年7, 9, 12月和2007年3月采用2, 4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)高效液相色谱法测定了北京市大气中的φ(甲醛).结果表明:在观测期间,春、夏、秋、冬各季φ(甲醛)的平均值分别为7.56×10-9, 12.70×10-9和 7.24×10-9,3.34×10-9;夏季φ(甲醛)明显高于其他3个季节, 春、秋φ(甲醛)平均值非常接近, 冬季φ(甲醛)最低;夏季φ(甲醛)与 φ(O₃), 温度,UVB的日变化表现出良好的一致性,均在12:00—15:00出现高值;夏季φ(甲醛)主要受光化学氧化过程的控制和影响; 降水对大气甲醛有明显的清除作用.      

华北农村夏季大气甲醛浓度变化特征

为研究华北农村大气污染状况,于2013年夏季和2014年夏季先后在华北两个农村站点——固城站、饶阳站,采用基于汉栖(Hantzsch)反应的在线甲醛荧光分析仪开展大气甲醛在线观测,结合同期φ(O₃)、φ(PAN)(PAN为过氧乙酰硝酸酯)、φ(CO)和光解速率系数等数据,分析φ(甲醛)日变化及其光解速率等特征. 结果表明:华北农村夏季大气甲醛污染较重. 固城站和饶阳站φ(甲醛)分钟均值范围分别为0.05×10-9 ~59.18 ×10-9和1.66×10-9 ~ 46.83×10-9,平均值分别为12.82×10-9±7.59×10-9和13.73×10-9±5.82×10-9,高于文献报道的国内外其他地区的观测值,与同期观测的φ(NO_x)相当. 两个站点φ(甲醛)具有典型的日变化特征,φ(甲醛)小时均值峰值(固城站为17.43×10-9,饶阳站为17.57×10-9)均出现在上午10:00左右,与φ(O₃)和φ(PAN)的日变化趋势相似,但峰值早1 h出现. 光解速率系数观测结果表明,两个站点甲醛光解过程主要发生在06:00—18:00,固城站甲醛小时光解量峰值(2.59×10-9)出现在11:00,饶阳站甲醛小时光解量于正午12:00达到峰值(3.00×10-9),甲醛光解成稳定分子的速率是光解成自由基速率的1.2~1.7倍. 研究表明,两个站点φ(甲醛)的变化主要受局地过程的影响,光化学生成是甲醛的重要来源.      

浙江临安大气本底站CO浓度及变化特征

利用基于光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)技术自组装的大气CO在线观测系统,于2010年9月~2012年2月在浙江省临安大气本底站对大气CO进行了在线观测.结果表明临安站四季CO日变化明显受人为活动影响,分别在每日07:00~10:00和19:00~20:00出现峰值,夏季CO日平均浓度和振幅均最低,分别为314.3×10-9±7.6×10-9(摩尔分数,下同)和50.1×10-9±47.9×10-9.该站全年大气CO浓度呈现冬春季高、夏季低的趋势,与北半球瑞士Jungfraujoch站、青海瓦里关等站基本一致,但平均浓度明显高于其他国际站点,全年CO月均值振幅约为286.8×10-9±19.2×10-9.后向轨迹聚类和地面风结果分析表明,临安站非本底CO浓度主要来自于N-NNE-ENE扇区内城市及工业等人为排放所引起.春、夏和冬季最大的浓度抬升均出现在ENE风向,冬季抬升值最大,约为106.3×10-9±58.0×10-9.     

基于卫星遥感的广东地区对流层二氧化碳时空变化特征

利用瓦里关全球本底站和番禺气象局地面观测的CO2浓度资料对SCIAMACHY反演得到的对流层CO2产品进行验证.结果显示:SCIAMACHY产品能较好地反映对流层CO2的分布状况,在珠三角地区反演和观测的残差为1.29×10-6,相关系数为0.69,可用于分析区域对流层CO2的时空分布特征.利用2003~2009年SCIAMACHY观测资料分析研究显示:广东地区对流层CO2柱浓度最高值出现在春季,最低值出现在夏季,浓度年均值和年增长率分别为384.84′10-6和1.53′10-6/a,大于全球和我国同期的观测结果;粤东、粤西、粤北和珠三角地区的浓度均在春、冬季显著高于夏季、秋季 ,相同季节内各区域之间的差异不显著;粤西地区CO2柱浓度的年增长率最高,为1.82′10-6/a,珠三角和粤东地区的年增长率相当,分别为1.65,1.64′10-6/a,粤北地区的年增长率最低,为1.61′10-6/a.     

北京上甸子站大气CO2及δ13C(CO2)本底变化

基于北京上甸子站(SDZ)2007~2013年大气CO_2及2009~2013年大气δ13C(CO_2)瓶采样观测资料,筛分获得混合均匀且未受局地污染影响、具代表性的大气CO_2及δ13C(CO_2)本底数据.2007~2013年SDZ站大气CO_2年均本底浓度变化范围为385.6×10-6~398.1×10-6,年均增长率为2.0×10-6a-1;2009~2013年其大气δ13C(CO_2)年均本底值变化范围为-8.38‰~-8.52‰,年均增长率为-0.03‰·a-1.SDZ站2007~2013年的7~9月月均浓度最低水平均出现在2008年,且2007~2008年增长率仅为0.3×10-6a-1,推测主要源于2008年奥运期间北京及其周边省市节能减排措施实施导致碳排放量减少.SDZ站大气CO_2本底浓度季节变化最低值出现在8月,最高值出现在3月,季节振幅达到23.9×10-6;大气δ13C(CO_2)与CO_2季节变化特征大致呈镜像关系,其季节振幅为1.03‰.对SDZ站CO_2源汇的碳同位素"signature"(δs)研究表明,供暖季Ⅰ(01-01~03-14)和Ⅱ(11-15~12-31)的δs分别为-21.30‰和-25.39‰,推测主要源自化石燃料与生物质燃烧的影响;其植物生长季的δbio值为-21.28‰,推测主要来自植被活动的贡献.     

卫星遥感监测海南地区对流层CO2浓度时空变化特征

为了探索海南地区对流层CO₂浓度[以φ(CO₂)计]时空变化特征,采用2002年9月—2012年2月AIRS反演的对流层中层CO₂产品,利用北半球全球本底站瓦里关站和飞机观测φ(CO₂)对该产品进行验证,结合统计分析方法对海南地区φ(CO₂)的月、季、年平均值的时空变化特征进行了研究.结果表明:AIRS反演φ(CO₂)与地基和不同纬度带海洋上空飞机观测数据对比均具有很好的一致性,并且与飞机观测验证偏差更小,二者相关系数均在0.9以上,总体月均值偏差小于2×10-6;全国φ(CO₂)呈现北高南低的分布规律,并且存在较为明显的分界线,形成4个高值中心(塔克拉玛干沙漠、塔里木盆地、内蒙古西部和东北平原)和2个低值中心(青藏高原西南部和云南地区),海南地区平均φ(CO₂)为382.67×10-6,略高于云南低值中心的381.45×10-6;全国φ(CO₂)呈现明显逐年增加趋势,其年均增长速率为2.16×10-6,而海南地区亦呈现显著增加趋势,年均增长速率为2.11×10-6,低于全国水平;φ(CO₂)呈季节性波动特性,全国φ(CO₂)最高值出现在春季,而海南地区为夏季,最低值均出现在秋季;海南地区西部海域、陆地和东部海域上空φ(CO₂)年增长速率分别为2.09×10-6、2.14×10-6和2.11×10-6,表明海南陆地上空增速略大于海洋地区,西部和东部海域上空增长速率基本保持一致.      

北京市大气中CO的浓度变化监测分析

CO是城市大气中一种重要的污染物,在城市和区域的光化学反应中起着重要的作用.用装配氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)的HP5890II气相色谱(GC)方法,以每10min的采样频率,在北京中科院大气物理研究所325m气象环境观测铁塔上(39°9′N,116°4′E),对北京城市大气CO浓度进行了连续监测,时间为2004-01～2004-12.结果显示北京城市大气CO浓度日变化呈双峰型,1d之中出现2个高峰期,早晨07:00～08:00和夜晚22:00～23:00,最高浓度值分别达到13.8mg·m-3,17.1mg·m-3.不同季节CO的日变化存在差异:冬季、秋季的日变化幅度大,而夏季、春季的日变化幅度小.秋季、冬季早晨上班高峰期后CO浓度下降快,春季、夏季上班高峰期后CO浓度下降慢.CO的这种日变化是由地表排放源和气象条件共同决定的.另外,CO存在明显的季节变化,总的表现为浓度最高值出现在冬季12月份(4.0±3.4)mg·m-3,浓度最低值出现在5月份(1.7±0.7)mg·m-3.整个观测期间1a的平均浓度为(2.6±1.9)mg·m-3,采暖期平均浓度为(3.5±2.6)mg·m-3,非采暖期平均浓度为(2.2±1.2)mg·m-3.     

我国4个WMO/GAW本底站大气CH4浓度及变化特征

利用基于光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)技术自组装的大气CH4在线观测系统,于2009～2010年在青海瓦里关、浙江临安、北京上甸子和黑龙江龙凤山这4个世界气象组织全球大气观测网(WMO/GAW)大气本底站对大气CH4进行了在线观测.临安站在所有季节中CH4浓度都表现出类似的日变化趋势,即浓度在每日～05:00(北京时间)达到最高值,在～14:00为最低.夏季龙凤山站CH4浓度表现出类似的规律,但其日变化振幅较大,达到216.8×10-9(摩尔分数,下同).上甸子站春、秋、冬季CH4浓度呈现类似变化趋势,但夏季日平均值较高,在晚间～20:00达到最高值,瓦里关站四季CH4浓度日变化均不明显.3个区域本底站(临安、上甸子和龙凤山)全年CH4本底浓度存在明显的变化,临安站CH4本底浓度在7月达到全年最低水平.龙凤山站则表现出相反的趋势,在8月达到全年最高值,其全年浓度表现出"W"型变化.冬季龙凤山和上甸子站CH4浓度高于春季和秋季.瓦里关站全年浓度变化较小,月平均浓度振幅仅为11.5×10-9.临安、上甸子和龙凤山3个区域本底站夏季CH4非本底数据占总数据的比例>70%.为分析气团传输的影响,对4站夏季高浓度时刻(瓦里关:CH4>1 870×10-9,龙凤山CH4>2 100×10-9,临安CH4>2 150×10-9,上甸子CH4>2 050×10-9)对应的气团轨迹进行聚类分析表明,夏季出现的高浓度CH4观测数据可能主要由气团传输所引起.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.