未来土地利用类型对珠江三角洲气象场的影响

利用WRF/Noah/UCM开展未来下垫面变更的对比试验,分别对珠江三角洲区域冬季(1月)和夏季(7月)的气象场特征进行数值模拟,以探讨未来城镇化建设对区域气象条件的影响.WRF模式中控制试验使用GLC2009下垫面资料,敏感性试验使用变更后的下垫面资料.对比试验的结果表明:由于城市扩张,受下垫面类型变化的影响,地表能量平衡会发生显著变化;珠江三角洲建成区的气温将升高0.75℃(1月)及1.20℃(7月),相对湿度将下降2.61%(1月)与6.88%(7月);城市热岛效应将增强,城乡温差将升高0.21℃(1月)及0.41℃(7月);局地热力环流与背景流场叠加,将使得1月风速降低0.11m/s,而7月风速升高0.11m/s.近地面的变化可以传递到整个边界层内,并使得边界层高度抬升.     

京津冀地区重污染天气过程的污染气象条件数值模拟研究

通过采用全球再分析格点资料的统计分析和WRF中尺度数值模拟,从天气学和大气边界层气象学角度分析了2013年12月和2014年2月两次重污染过程中京津冀地区天气尺度大气停滞气象条件和大气污染扩散气象条件的特征及其作用,并根据WRF模式精细化模拟结果分析了太行山和燕山对京津冀地区城市大气污染形成的作用.研究结果表明,两次重污染天气过程中京津冀地区500 h Pa等压面上的平均风速均表现为明显的气候异常特征,500 h Pa平均风速较近10年同期分别下降了约30.8%和50.4%,大气停滞系数较近5年同期分别偏高10%和20%以上;京津冀地区发生严重污染时,WRF模式模拟的日平均混合层高度低于200 m,日平均地面10 m风速低于2 m·s-1,日平均通风量可降低到1000 m2·s-1以下,空气质量指数与日平均通风量成负相关,重污染期间的平均通风量比近5年同期平均通风量偏低29.3%~52.8%,这些不利于污染扩散的天气条件持续数日,导致了重污染天气的发生.此外,太行山对西风气流的阻挡是河北中南部地区大气污染加剧的一个重要原因,而当主导风向为偏南风时,偏南气流遇燕山后或转向回流、或爬坡,导致近地面风速减小,不利于污染物扩散,亦加剧了京津冀地区中南部城市的大气污染.     

珠三角秋季典型气象条件对空气污染过程的影响分析

利用空气质量指数(AQI)、主要大气污染物浓度和气象要素、天气图等数据资料,结合中尺度数值天气预报模式WRF,对2014年10月珠三角地区污染期间的天气形势及气象特征进行了分析.结果表明,WRF模式可以较好地反映珠三角地区主要城市地面和高空气象要素的时空变化,9个城市平均地表的温度、相对湿度和风速的模拟值与观测值的相关系数分别为0.90、0.87和0.78.对2014年10月3次污染过程的分析表明,造成该时段珠三角地区空气污染的天气形势主要是高压底部型和均压场型.静风或小风(2 m·s~(-1))及稳定的大气层结均不利于污染物的扩散,同时由于偏北气流输送周边污染物到珠三角地区,导致污染物浓度不断增加.相对湿度低于65%时,珠三角地区首要污染物以O_3为主;相对湿度高于70%时,PM_(2.5)浓度逐渐增加,成为主要污染物.高温等气象条件会影响光化学反应,加重珠江三角洲的空气污染,表现了该地区大气复合污染的特性.     

WRF模式对渤海和黄海海面风预报误差分析

基于WRF模式的2019年24h、48h和72h预报结果,选取渤海、黄海8个浮标站位观测的海面10m风速和风向进行直接对比检验和误差统计分析。结果表明：(1)模式24h预报结果最优,随着预报时效的增长,预报值与实测值相关性下降,预报值离散度增大;(2)当实测风力在45级时,预报风速与实测风速平均偏差最小,两者在数值大小上吻合最好,随着风力增大(或减小),平均偏差和均方根误差增大;(3)不同风向条件下的风向平均绝对误差均在0°～30°,其中N向风时,风向平均绝对误差最小,其次为S和SW向,当实测风向为东向风时,WRF预报的风向误差最大;(4)不同海域而言,WRF对黄海海域风速风向的预报能力明显优于渤海海域,这主要是由于渤海海域的特殊地理位置导致,WRF模式对冷空气导致的大风过程的预报效果优于对台风导致的大风过程的预报。     

河谷城市通风系数研究

通风系数是科学确定污染物排放总量的基础.利用WRF模式模拟的边界层高度和风速计算了兰州新区2014年4个季节的通风系数,探讨了风速的季节性变化和日变化特征.结果表明:①WRF模式模拟得到的兰州新区的混合层平均风速呈夜间高、日间低的特征,日间混合层内平均风速最大值出现在20:00左右,这与地面风速积分法确定的平均风速具有较高相关性,验证了利用模式模拟边界层内平均风速特征的能力.②混合层高度季节变化呈现春夏季高、秋冬季低的特征;受太阳辐射的影响,日间混合层高度明显高于夜间.③通风系数具有明显的季节性变化特征（4个季节的通风系数分别为4 607.6、5 424.1、1 316.4、706.9 m2/s）,夏季高,冬季小,这与混合层高度和混合层内平均风速的季节性变化特征一致;日变化呈现单峰型的变化规律,冬季的峰值出现在15:00,而其他3个季节的峰值则出现在17:00左右.研究显示,WRF模式的模拟结果可以较好地反映混合层平均风速的基本特征,利用WRF模式模拟的结果计算得到的河谷地形的通风系数较为合理,不同季节的通风系数差异较大.      

海面动力学粗糙度参数化方案对近海风资源评估结果的影响

采用数值模拟手段可以获取风能资源开发利用高度处资源量的区域分布状况,海面的动力学特性对近海面风速的数值模拟结果影响较大,论文采用WRF模式来研究不同海面动力学粗糙度参数化方案对近海及沿海地区风能资源的数值模拟评估结果影响以及方案的适用性.采用不考虑粗糙度变化(P_0)、WRF模式中参数化公式系数为定值的方案(P_WRF)、Yelland和Taylor 的分风速对参数化系数进行取值的方案(P_YT)对杭州湾近海及沿海地区风场进行模拟研究.通过与观测资料的对比分析可以得出以下结论:通过参数化方法改变海面动力学粗糙度可以改进近海和沿海地区风速的模拟效果,且P_YT 方案的模拟效果要优于P_WRF方案;当观测点为海风时,考虑粗糙度变化方案的风速模拟结果改进更加明显;观测点风速低于约8 m/s 时,所有方案模拟结果的相对误差均随风速增加而降低,P_YT 方案的模拟误差最小,P_0 的误差最大;而当风速大于8 m/s 时,相对误差会随风速的增加而增加,P_YT方案模拟误差最大,P_0 方案误差最小.三种方案模拟风能资源差异主要体现在陆地沿海和近海区域,离海岸线较远的陆上地区模拟结果相差不大,在沿海和近海区域方案P_WRF平均风速模拟结果比方案P_YT的偏高约为0.5 m/s,平均风功率密度偏高约为50 W/m².     

基于TM数据的自贡市热岛时空变化研究

热岛效应是城市化对城市环境影响的一个重要特征.为了研究自贡市10年来城市化进程对热岛效应的影响,采用TM数据与GIS相结合的方法定量分析城市地表温度的时空变化.根据2000和2009年两个时相的LandsatTM影像本文提取了研究区的地表温度以及土地覆被信息,在此基础上对这10年来自贡地区的热岛时空变化及其与植被、建筑用地变化的关系进行研究.分析结果表明,研究区地表温度与植被、建筑用地之间存在明显的相关性.     

基于最优粒度的城市热环境与景观特征耦合分析

综合Landsat和国产高分2号遥感影像反演地表温度、划分地表覆被类型,通过划分100m×100m～1000m×1000m等多个网格单元,分析北京市五环内热环境影响因素的粒度效应;并基于最优粒度分析城市景观组分和构型特征与热环境特征的相互关系.结果表明:随粒度增加,网格单元内平均地表温度和不透水地表(IS)、植被水体(...     

边界层方案对华北一次污染过程模拟的影响

采用WRF模式中YSU、MYJ和ACM2 3种边界层参数化方案,利用WRF模式和空气质量模式CAMx对2015年11月11~15日发生在京津冀地区的一次污染过程进行了模拟,同时利用地面气象要素、风廓线、秒探空和空气质量观测数据对3种参数化方案下的模拟结果进行了验证对比.一种基于临界垂直湍流交换系数确定边界高度的方法被用于对比3种参数化方案之间垂直扩散能力的差异.结果表明,MYJ方案对10m风速高估最大（平均高估0.66m/s）,对2m温度和2m湿度低估最小,YSU和ACM2方案对地面气象要素的模拟效果相近;ACM2方案对于边界层内垂直廓线模拟效果优于YSU和MYJ方案,但是3种参数化方案对边界层内风速均存在高估（高估可达2.6m/s）;基于临界垂直湍流交换系数方法定义的边界层高度更能反映大气的垂直扩散能力,MYJ方案边界层高度最小,其模拟的PM_2.5浓度最高;MYJ方案对于地面风速的高估,会降低模拟的区域整体PM_2.5浓度,但是会增加风速较大区域下风向的PM_2.5浓度;ACM2方案对边界层垂直廓线模拟最好,夜间底层垂直湍流交换系数计算值较大,使得ACM2方案对于本次过程中PM_2.5等污染物的模拟优于MYJ和YSU方案.     

绿潮早期聚集期间天气过程分析

利用中尺度气象模式WRF对2009~2012年绿潮(浒苔)早期聚集之前两周的气象要素进行了模拟,分析了其两周平均、周平均和日平均变化规律。两周平均结果表明,绿潮聚集前期海面风速基本维持在(6~7)m/s,气温和海表温度(SST)均在12℃~15℃范围内,海温接近浒苔适宜生长温度;短波辐射能量在200 W/m2左右,光照条件有利于绿潮繁殖。除2009年外,其余3 a周平均结果表明绿潮聚集前期平均风速有减弱趋势,SST增温明显。日变化分析表明,除2009年外,2010、2011、2012年绿潮早期聚集前几天风速均较小,为4 m/s左右,风向基本为东南风;气温和SST均有快速上升趋势,2010、2011、2012年聚集之前SST超过15℃,SST和光照条件有利于浒苔大量增殖。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.