南宁市土壤中正构烷烃的污染特征及来源解析

为研究南宁市土壤中正构烷烃的赋存情况以及来源,于2021年6月在南宁市内采集了48个土壤样品,采用气相色谱质谱法(GC-MS)对表层土壤中正构烷烃的质量分数进行了测定。结果表明,正构烷烃碳链长度范围为C12—C35,∑24正构烷烃的质量分数为3.93~131.02μg/g,其中C31质量分数最高,C22以上的高碳正构烷烃具有明显的奇偶优势,体现了典型的高等植物来源的特点。碳优势指数等参数分析结果表明,土壤中的正构烷烃主要来自陆地高等植物且总体上木本植物>草本植物,少部分可能存在石油污染。主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,C29—C35具有同源性,主要受植物叶蜡影响(41.36%),C24和C25主要来自水生植物(27.88%),C16和C18可能是细菌和石油化合物排放共同影响的结果(21.49%)。根据主成分分析中样品的贡献权重得出,可能存在石油化合物输入的土壤63.6%来自耕地,27.3%来自林地,9.1%来自园地,研究区土壤中正构烷烃的主要人为排放源可能受到农业机械排放以及靠近道路周边受交通排放的影响。     

超声提取-气相色谱质谱法测定大气PM2.5中正构烷烃

建立了超声提取-气相色谱质谱法测定大气PM2.5中32种正构烷烃方法,经离子温度优化、前处理比较、空白滤膜考察等获得了最佳的实验条件。研究发现,高、中、低3种浓度标准曲线的相关系数均在0.995以上,3种浓度的空白样品加标回收率分别为72.2%~117.8%、73.5%~104.4%、73.8%~109.5%,精密度均小于10%,实际样品加标回收率为75.7%~108.9%。当采样体积为24 m3时,各目标化合物的方法检出限为0.046~2.6 ng/m~3;经正构烷烃浓度范围为0.17~64.3 ng/m~3的1月及浓度范围为0.53~7.67 ng/m~3的6月的实际样品验证,该方法的检出限和测量范围也可较好的满足实际样品的测定。     

宁波市镇海区大气降尘矿物组成及来源解析

为探讨宁波市镇海区大气降尘矿物组成及来源,用X射线衍射法分析了镇海区6个土地功能区2019年12月至2020年11月4个季度的大气降尘样品的矿物组成和含量,并开展了矿物来源解析。结果显示,降尘中以石英、长石、碳酸盐类矿物和黏土矿物为主,年均质量分数分别为29.2%、33.3%、24.2%和7.7%,且不同功能区各季度降尘中矿物含量普遍有显著差异。来源解析表明,镇海区降尘中矿物来源主要以地面扬尘输入为主,同时周边源区输入及人类活动和工业密集区燃煤等输入对降尘矿物组成有较显著影响,除黏土矿物、碳酸盐类矿物和长石类矿物之外,其他矿物的含量还与不同季节的气温和风向有关。     

液液萃取-气相色谱法测定水质可萃取性石油烃C10~C40

建立了以环己烷为萃取剂、气相色谱法(氢火焰离子化检测器,FID)测定水质样品中可萃取性石油烃(C_(10)～C_(40))的分析方法。以正构烷烃混合标准溶液为定性和定量校准标准,以色谱峰面积总和与混合标准溶液总浓度建立校准曲线进行外标法定量。方法检出限为0.01 mg/L,经验证方法精密度和准确度良好。同时,分别以气相色谱法和红外光度法测定了地表水、污水处理厂出水、海水和化工废水等实际样品,对比实验结果表明,在可萃取性石油烃C_(10)～C_(40)的碳数范围内,气相色谱法的测试结果与红外光度法无明显差异,有较好的可比性。     

北京城区冬季道路灰尘粒度特征分析

对2013年1月于北京城区采集的40组道路灰尘样品用激光粒度仪进行粒度测定。结果表明:北京城区冬季道路灰尘频率曲线呈单峰态或双峰态分布,单峰型峰值粒径为112~237μm,双峰型第一峰值粒径为189~286μm,第二峰值粒径为42~57μm。道路灰尘平均粒径为183μm,分选性差,呈极不对称的极正偏宽峰态到窄峰态,属砂土。道路灰尘是局地灰尘和区域灰尘的混合物,且主要为跃移或短时悬浮颗粒物,对大气悬浮颗粒污染物的贡献量不大。研究4种不同道路类型灰尘发现,平均粒径从大到小顺序为快速路支路次干路主干路,分选系数与偏度为快速路主干路次干路支路,峰度无较大区别,细颗粒含量主干路次干路(支路、快速路)。主干路灰尘污染贡献率更高,对大气环境和人体健康的危害潜力不容忽视。     

上海室内外降尘磁学空间变化特征

采用磁学方法分析上海市室内外降尘样品的磁学参数在不同功能区和不同行政区的变化特征,探讨影响室内外降尘磁学性质的影响因素。研究结果表明:上海市大气降尘污染有自然和人为2种影响因素;室内外降尘样品的磁性特征均受磁铁矿控制,主要以假单畴和多畴颗粒为主;低频磁化率在功能区上呈现出工业区(553.464×10~(-8)m~3/kg)交通区(484.302×10~(-8) m~3/kg)商业区(443.216×10~(-8) m~3/kg)居住区(320.849×10~(-8) m~3/kg)清洁区(269×10~(-8) m~3/kg)的空间变化趋势在行政区上整体呈现出宝山区(558.104×10~(-8) m~3/kg)、杨浦区(464.263×10~(-8) m~3/kg)的磁化率偏高,崇明区(218.673×10~(-8) m~3/kg)、奉贤区(218.868×10~(-8) m~3/kg)、松江区(218.689×10~(-8) m~3/kg)磁化率较低。室内外降尘的低频磁化率(χ_(if))、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)和非磁滞剩磁磁化率(χ_(ARM))的相关系数分别为0.777、0.504、0.547,有较好的正相关关系表明室内外降尘来源很可能存在一定的趋同性。对比分析不同磁学参数,可以更好地反映降尘污染状况。研究发现χ_(lf)、SIRM和χ_(ARM)可以作为上海市大气降尘磁性特征的有效参考指标。在不同行政区大气降尘磁化率和PM_(10)浓度表现出相似的空间变化趋势。降尘样品的磁学参数测量速度快,方便用于监测城市空气污染的状况,在一定程度上可以对空气污染指数有一定的指代作用。     

“十一五”期间新疆大气降尘量时空分布特征及影响因素分析

通过对"十一五"期间新疆134个大气降尘监测点位数据进行统计分析发现,"十一五"期间,全疆年均降尘量维持在22.2~24.6 t/km2.月,变化幅度小于10%。一年内降尘主要集中在3~6月份,占全年降尘量的51%。在空间分布上,新疆年均降尘量呈现明显的南疆高于北疆的特征,南疆五地、州的总降尘量占全疆总降尘量的70.2%,为新疆降尘的主要集中区。特殊的气象、生态环境是决定新疆大气降尘时空分布特征的主要因素。     

济南市环境空气VOCs污染特征及来源识别

对济南市2010年6月至2012年5月环境空气中56种挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)进行在线气相色谱监测,研究其污染特征并识别其主要来源。结果表明,该期间总挥发性有机化合物(TVOCs)变化规律基本一致,其平均浓度水平夏季冬季秋季春季;TVOCs浓度的日变化趋势呈双峰分布,与早晚交通高峰相吻合;济南市城区环境空气中VOCs的主要物种是C3~C5的烷烃、丙烯、顺-2-丁烯、甲苯和间、对二甲苯等;不同季节环境空气中VOCs的主要物种基本一致,夏季烯烃所占比重高于其他季节;烷烃、烯烃与TVOCs的浓度日变化趋势相似,呈明显的双峰状,而芳香烃浓度日变化规律双峰特征不明显。济南市城区VOCs的主要来源为汽车尾气、工业源、燃烧源。     

气相色谱-质谱法表征炼油厂外排废水中的有机组分

将水中的有机组分划分为悬浮性有机物(SOC)、溶解性可吸附有机物(EOC)及溶解性不可吸附有机物(NEOC)三类.分别用G3型耐酸滤过漏斗及GDX-502树脂分离和富集了某炼油厂生化处理外排废水中的SOC及EOC,漏斗滤出的和GDX-502树脂富集的有机物分别用二氯甲烷洗脱和Soxhlet提取,提取物经干燥、浓缩后,用GC/MS进行分析.结果表明该废水TOC为27.4mg/L,SOC、EOC及NEOC分别占44.5%、28.1%及27.4%.SOC中共鉴定出有机组分44种,包括正构烷烃21种、异构烷烃15种、烯烃6种及环烷烃2种,其中Ci5-C28正构烷烃的含量相对较高;EOC中共鉴定出有机组分78种,包括脂肪烃18种、芳烃12种、苯酚类10种、吡啶类7种、醇6种、酮10种、醛2种、酞酸酯3种及其它化合物10种,其中苯酚类、邻苯二甲酸正丁酯及1-甲基环己醇含量相对较高.     

南山国家森林公园人工森林植被调查及区系研究

对南山国家森林公园主要植被物种资源进行调查和区系结构研究。结果表明,南山国家森林公园森林覆盖率达73%,自然生态系统中目前已知的高等植物(藻菌、苔藓、地衣除外)共计有74科、251属、340种。构成镇江市区各类植被的优势成分共有约27种,其中东亚分布的种占55.6%,热带分布为主的植物占7.4%,连同东亚分布以及我国特有热带、亚热带分布为主的成分,一起可达88.9%。南山国家森林公园植被在区系组成上具有明显的亚热带特点,同时也反映出一定的过渡性,与江苏省森林木本植物区系分布特点基本一致。     

大气乙醛碳同位素分析方法的研究

利用气相色谱/燃烧/同位素比值质谱(GC/C/IRMS)分析技术,采用NaHSO3与半胱胺衍生化方法,测定了气态乙醛在衍生化反应过程中的碳同位素效应,探讨了采用该方法测定大气乙醛碳同位素组成的可行性。试验测定了乙醛、衍生剂半胱胺及相应衍生物的碳同位素比值,结果表明,乙醛衍生物的δ13C测量值与理论值的偏差范围为0.11‰～0.35‰,在仪器精密度范围内(<0.50‰),即在衍生化过程中基本不会发生碳同位素分馏。采用该方法初步测定了大气中乙醛的碳同位素组成,实测数据显示,广州地化所和肇庆鼎湖山大气乙醛δ13C平均值分别为(-34.21±0.27)‰和(-31.23±0.16)‰,相同采样点的大气乙醛碳同位素组成基本不变,可见该方法可作为研究大气乙醛不同排放源的一种有效方法。     

Composition and sources of aliphatic lipids and sterols in sediments of a tropical island, southern South China Sea: preliminary assessment

Near-shore surface sediment was collected from five stations off Redang Island located on the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Freeze-dried sediments were Soxhlet extracted and then fractionated using column chromatography into aliphatic and polar fractions. Determination of these fractions was carried out using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The concentration of total resolved aliphatic hydrocarbons in sediments ranged from 157 to 308 ng/g. The distribution of aliphatic fraction showed the presence of n-alkanes ranging from nC15 to nC33 with a minor odd-to-even predominance exhibiting carbon maximum, depending on station, at nC17, nC26, nC29 or nC31. Calculation of Carbon Preference Index (CPI) for CPI_15–33 gave values ranging from 1.09 to 1.46. n-Alkanol in all sediment exhibits even-to-odd carbon predominance ranging from nC16 to nC28 and maximising at nC22. n-Fatty acids distribution ranged from nC14 to nC24 with a dominant maximum at nC16 and exhibiting high values of short chain fatty acids (≤nC20) to long chain fatty acids (>nC20) ratios. Unsaturated fatty acids, particularly nC16:1 and nC18:1 is also ubiquitous in all samples. Cholesterol is the most abundant compound amongst the sterol group ranging from 42.8 to 62.6 % of the total sterols. β-Sitosterol, brassicasterol and stigmasterol, are also present but of relatively lower amount. These observations suggest that the aliphatic lipids and sterols in the study area originate, mainly, from biogenic sources of marine microbial with minor contribution from epiticular waxes of terrestrial plants.     

Assessment and sources of nonaromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of three harbors in Santa Catarina State, Brazil

Nonaromatic hydrocarbons and geochemical parameters from 17 sediment?Cwater interface samples were used to assess sources of organic matter in three harbors, located in Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. The evaluation was based on the molar C/N/P ratios, abundance of resolved nonaromatic hydrocarbons (3.0?C25.9 ??g g^???1), unresolved complex mixture, and two indexes: the carbon preference index (CPI) and the low molecular weight to high molecular weight ratio. The results indicate that the organic matter is predominantly of terrestrial origin (C/N > 10 and CPI > 2). Variations in the total organic carbon from 0.43 to 2.98 mmol g^???1 and total phosphorus from 82.4 to 464.3 ??g g^???1 showed no clear correlation with the silt and clay fractions of the sediments possibly due to anthropogenic input. In contrast to the low level of contamination based on the acyclic hydrocarbon distribution, the results obtained from a series of geologically stable hopanes and steranes reveal the presence of less degradable petroleum derivatives.     

Characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbons in surficial sediments from the Songhuajiang River (China): spatial and temporal trends

This paper presents the spatial and temporal characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) in surficial sediments from the Songhuajiang River using the method of petroleum chemical fingerprinting. Twenty-four surface sediment samples were collected at 17 sites along the river from upstream to downstream in flood season (August 2005) and icebound season (December 2005) and were analyzed for PH including n-alkanes (C(16)-C(33)), isoprenoid alkanes (pristane and phytane), and unresolved complex mixture (UCM). The concentration of PH varied from 22.64 to 91.45 μg g(?-1) dry sediment. n-alkanes with a carbon number from 16 to 33 were detected in all samples, and the UCM was the dominant composition for PH. The variability of the PH concentration was mostly influenced by external conditions, such as seasonal change and industrial area position, as well as internal sediment physicochemical properties, such as organic carbon and grain size. The concentration of hydrocarbons is higher in flood season than in icebound season and is higher upstream than downstream. The diagnostic ratios of specific hydrocarbons showed that the PH pollution comes from a combination of biogenic and petrogenic sources, and petrogenic input is dominant in icebound season relative to flood season. It also indicates that there is a clear terrigenous input of n-alkanes in flood season. Principal components analysis was used to study the composition and characteristics of PH in Songhuajiang River sediments and to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of their natural and anthropogenic sources.     

典型电子垃圾拆解区大气颗粒物中元素污染的季节变化特征

分别在典型电子垃圾拆解区(E)和其参考区(S)采集了大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,利用等离子体电感耦合质谱(ICP-MS)检测了13种元素。结果表明,E地区大气TSP中各元素含量均高于对照区,特别是污染元素Zn、Cu、Cd、Sn和Pb。E地区和S地区TSP中元素质量浓度的季节变化趋势相似,TSP中地壳元素质量浓度夏季高于冬季,而污染元素冬季高于夏季。E地区和S地区TSP中Cu、Zn、Sn和Pb的富集因子(EF)100,E地区EF值高于对照区,说明这些元素主要来源于电子垃圾处理过程;而Mg、K、Ca、Ti、V、Mn、Fe、Co和Cd的EF值为1~10,说明元素主要为自然来源。     

青岛市环境空气臭氧污染特征分析

青岛市是国家环保部确定的臭氧试点监测城市之一。文章结合青岛市市南区东部和四方区空气子站2008—2011年的试点监测数据，从区域差异、时间变化等方面分析了青岛市的臭氧污染特征，结果表明：①二区域臭氧浓度的日分布均呈现“单峰型”，12：00～15：00是一天中臭氧污染最严重的时段；②每月监测累积值市南区东部呈现“双峰型”，四方区呈现“单峰型”；③二区域臭氧污染最突出的月份均为5月；④二区域臭氧平均浓度从高到低季节排序略有差异；⑤2009年二区域臭氧污染最严重，该年四季中春季臭氧污染最为突出。     

Airborne particulate-associated polyaromatic hydrocarbons,n-alkanes,elemental and organic carbon in three European cities

Total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were collected weekly over a period of one year at four European sites during 1995/6. Two sites were in London-a Central London site (CL, St Paul's Cathedral) and a suburban North London site (NL, Bounds Green); the other two sites were in Porto, Portugal and Vienna, Austria. TSP was collected using a low volume sampler. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations were measured using a thermal-optical carbon analyser. Parallel samplers collected TSP for subsequent GC-MS analysis of thirty-nine combustion-associated organic compounds; 16 polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 23 n-alkanes. OC and EC correlate well at all sites (r2 = 0.39-0.65), although the London inter-site correlations were low, suggesting that local sources of OC and EC have a significant influence on local concentrations. Concentrations do not vary widely across the four urban sites, despite the significant differences in urban characteristics. Seasonal patterns of OC:EC ratios were similar at the London and Vienna sites, with highest ratios in autumn and winter, and annual mean OC:EC ratios were identical at these sites. The Carbon Preference Index (CPI) indicated vehicle emissions to have a stronger influence over particulate concentrations at the Vienna and central London sites; there was a stronger biogenic signature in north London and Porto. In addition, two PAH compounds (pyrene and fluoranthene) previously associated with diesel exhaust, were correlated with OC and EC concentrations at the London and Vienna sites.     

气质联用法测定环境空气中有机硫化物

采用 SUMMA罐采集空气样品，在预浓缩系统中经3级冷阱捕集后，用气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定环境空气中7种痕量有机硫化物。对试验条件进行优化，使得甲硫醇、乙硫醇、甲硫醚、二硫化碳、噻吩、乙硫醚和二甲二硫醚等7种有机硫化物在21．47μg/m3～336．43μg/m3范围内线性良好。试验表明，7种有机硫化物的方法检出限为0．004μg/m3～0．036μg/m3；标准气体平行测定6次结果的 RSD为2．7％～6．2％，加标回收率为92．2％～97．5％。用该方法测定实际空气样品，并与傅立叶红外光谱法测定的结果进行比对，结果令人满意。     

活性炭吸附-毛细管柱气相色谱法测定大气中吡啶

以活性炭吸附大气中的吡啶,用二硫化碳解析、毛细管柱分离、FID检测器分析,采用保留时间定性、峰面积外标曲线法定量。方法在0～367mg/L范围内线性关系良好,当采样体积为20L时,最低检出质量浓度为0.007mg/m3,标准溶液平行测定的RSD≤2.0%,加标回收率为97.9%～104%。     

南京大气细颗粒中有机碳与元素碳污染特征

为了解南京城区大气细颗粒物中有机碳与元素碳的污染特征,在国控点草场门进行了连续一年的PM2.5采样,分析了有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)污染特征和变化规律。结果表明,采样期间有些PM2.5的日均值超过了《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)二级标准,ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)为0.77～4.98,平均值为1.92。PM2.5样品中OC约占18%、EC约占9%。