医疗垃圾热解焚烧实验研究

医疗垃圾是一种对环境危害极大的危险废弃物.用一种固定炉排炉热解焚烧系统,对广州市部分医院的医疗垃圾进行了热解焚烧及尾气净化试验,并对焚烧工况、烟气中主要的污染物含量及灰渣的灼减率进行分析.分析结果表明:稳定运行时炉膛平均温度在850℃左右,二燃室平均温度在1000℃以上;尾气中CO、NOx、HCl和SO2浓度分别为:71mg/m3、125 mg/m3、27.8 mg/m3和21 mg/m3,灰渣的灼减率为2.7%.均远远低于标准限值.     

下吸式气化炉处理城市生活垃圾

下吸式气化炉具有原料适应性好，燃气中焦油含量少的特点。使用下吸式气化炉对广州城市生活垃圾进行了空气气化实验，并对燃气成分、焦油含量和灰渣重金属含量进行了分析。分析结果表明：燃气气体热值可达4600kJ／m^3，燃气焦油含量为2．0g／m^3。另外，对灰渣中的金属成分也进行了分析。试验结果表明：下吸式气化炉是处理复杂城市生活垃圾的一种有效手段。     

生活垃圾灰渣对生物质的热解特性及动力学的影响

生活垃圾热解焚烧产生的热灰渣可以作为热解过程的热载体。为研究灰渣对生活垃圾中生物质热解的影响,在热重分析仪中将生活垃圾的典型组分木屑和纸屑分别与2种垃圾灰渣混合热解,并进行热解动力学研究。结果表明,城市生活垃圾的热解焚烧炉灰渣(A灰)可以提高木屑和纸屑的热解转化率,比理论值高出4%～5%。农村生活垃圾热解焚烧炉的灰渣(B灰)对纸屑热解具有促进作用,但对木屑的热解没有显著影响。动力学研究表明,混入A灰后,木屑热解的第1、第2阶段的表观活化能都大幅降低,与其提高木屑的热解转化率的结果相一致。B灰也使得木屑的热解第1阶段活化能降低。此外,A灰和B灰均可以显著降低纸屑第1段热解的活化能。     

危险废物回转式流化冷渣多段焚烧系统焚烧特性研究

危险废物的处理和处置是摆在我国各级市政府面前的紧迫任务。然而我国已经运行的危险废物焚烧装置普遍存在回转窑挂壁结渣、热灼减率偏高和污染排放超标等问题,作者通过将回转窑和流化床特点相结合的方法提出了一种新型危险废物回转式流化冷渣多段焚烧处置装置。该装置采用回转窑(一燃室)、二燃室和流化床结合的热解-流化焚烧工艺,特别是采用控制窑头温度避免了回转窑挂壁结渣;采用流化冷渣装置延长未燃烬渣的焚烧时间,解决了热灼减率偏高问题;水冷式烟气急冷装置可以将烟气温度从1 100℃降到200℃,防止了二恶英的尾部低温再生成。该系统运行稳定可靠,可以处理医疗垃圾和大多数的固态和液态危险废物,实现了烟气污染物尤其是二恶英排放达到国家标准的目标。同时对该系统运行时窑头温度分布、二燃室炉膛出口氧量变化、回转窑和炉膛升温特性、燃烧室外壁温度分布等几方面运行数据都进行了详细的介绍,为危险废物焚烧炉的运行提供了宝贵的经验数据。     

回转窑在医废焚烧工程应用中的参数优化

以规模3 t/h的某医疗废物焚烧生产线为依托,优化分析了回转窑焚烧装置核心控制参数(窑头温度、供风量及窑转速),考察了不同负荷、回转窑转动模式及进料方式对焚烧效果的影响,结果表明:窑头温度升高,有利于提高焚烧效果,是影响焚烧效果最重要的工艺参数;75%负荷时最佳工况是窑头温度850℃、窑转速0.09 r/min、供风量7 000 Nm3/h;连续反转的回转窑转动模式和恒流量的连续进料技术,有助于保持良好焚烧工况,炉渣热灼减率分别达到2.6%和2.3%。     

油田油泥与煤在流化床中的混烧

基于小型流化床焚烧实验平台,通过含油污泥与煤混合燃烧,分析气体污染物排放浓度以及灰渣特性。含油污泥与煤混烧后NO_x、SO_2的排放浓度均低于危险废物焚烧排放标准。根据灰渣中组分分析,煤中碱金属化合物能抑制SO_2的排放。渣样的浸出毒性均在标准范围内,灰样的浸出毒性高于渣样,主要因为飞灰中更容易富集挥发和易溶形态的重金属。基于小试实验的结果,油泥在小型流化床上的燃烧不充分导致了CO排放浓度较高,且灰的灼减率较高,因此,在后续中试以及示范工程中,应保证油泥的充分燃烧,为灰渣的综合利用提供理论基础。     

偏远农村地区小型生活垃圾热处理设施炉渣重金属特性分析

对中国偏远农村地区正在运行的不同工艺类型的小型热处理设施炉渣的理化特征及重金属污染特性进行了评估,研究发现生活垃圾小型热处理设施底渣的热灼减率均在5%以下,相较于采用热解技术的热处理设施底渣,采用焚烧工艺的热处理设施底渣的热灼减率更低,达到0.70%,生活垃圾减容程度更高。主要晶体成分包括方解石、石英等。底渣和飞灰中的部分重金属含量高于《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018)中pH为5.5～6.5下的风险筛选值,未经妥善处理直接进入土壤环境可能会引起重金属污染问题。此外,底渣中的As、Se、Ba、Cu、Cr、Zn具有一定的生物有效性,而相比于底渣,飞灰中的重金属有效态所占比例较高,重金属生物有效性更高,对环境造成污染的潜在风险更大。     

生物膜填料塔处理高流量负荷下低浓度甲苯废气的初探

采用净化甲苯专用菌种对生物膜填料塔净化处理高流量负荷下低浓度甲苯废气的技术进行了初步实验研究。实验结果表明，当气体流量在0．8m^3／h、进口浓度为105mg／m^3、停留时间18．3s时，甲苯的去除率可达到61．90％，出口甲苯浓度低于国家对现有企业的排放标准(≤60mg／m^3)。适宜的操作温度应控制在19～25℃之间，氮磷营养添加量的配比应控制为C：N：P=200：5：1，操作压降与气体流量呈线性关系。结合实验数据，对相关的基础理论进行了初步探讨。     

城市生活垃圾压缩站环境污染研究

通过对垃圾压缩站内生活垃圾进行采样分析、压实试验和环境污染检测，得出了城市生活垃圾压实密度和施加压力的关系曲线，确定了对垃圾压实的合适压力范围为0．1～0．2MPa；垃圾压缩站环境污染严重，垃圾压缩污水量为10-50kg／t，其中BOD5和COD平均分别超标111倍和486倍；环境噪音只有50m以外才能达到居民区环境质量二级标准（60dB（A））的噪音要求；产生的臭气在较低风速下一般扩散25m时污染达到最大，NH3、H2S分别可以达到0．011、0．0046mg／m^3，这个值占容许浓度的55％和46％。     

空气与废气中的正丁烷、丁酮、醋酸异丙酯的快速测定法

采用活性炭吸附，二硫化碳解析，毛细管气相色谱法同时测定空气与废气中的正丁烷、丁酮、醋酸异丙酯，采样体积以45L计，方法最低检出限分别为：正丁烷0．002mg／m^3，丁酮0.0024mg／m^3，醋酸异丙酯0．0028mg／m^3。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.