Salinity evolution of the Tigris River

Major modifications regulating the Tigris River, originated in the 1940s and continuing to the present, have resulted in changes in salinity in the system over time and in different portions of the river course. The increase in salinity is due to decreases in stream discharge due to dams, water management structures such as the Lake Tharthar system, irrigation return flow, and soluble minerals in the basin. This research documents the increase and evaluates the causes of the salinity increase of the river from predevelopment to present using published and previously unavailable data. The predevelopment salinity was under 600 ppm, since 1984 has exceeded the 1000 ppm threshold recommended for drinking water downstream of Amara. A minimum instream flow for the river is calculated at Baghdad and Kut at 185 cubic meters per second (cms), approximately 15% of the mean historical flow of the river, but above the lowest minimum flow recorded at 140 cms. Recommended salinity management options discussed include (1) eliminating Lake Tharthar as a water storage facility, (2) managing saline inflows from tributaries, and (3) employing a minimum instream flow for the river.     

南水北调西线引水区近50年径流变化趋势对气候变化的响应

选取南水北调西线工程引水区5个水文站与相应气象站近50 a径流、降雨、温度、日照时间序列资料,首先对自相关性显著水平5%的序列进行去白化处理,运用Mann Kendall法进行趋势检验和突变分析,并通过Spearman法和双累积曲线图形法对结果进行验证。此外,运用Pearson方法分析径流与各气候因子间的相关性。结果表明：50 a来,引水区年径流量变化趋势总体不明显,但近10 a来,除直门达水文站外,其余4个站有进一步减少的趋势;雨量和日照时间变化趋势并不明显,温度有较显著升高。总体而言,气候变化是流域径流量变化的主要影响因素,未来径流量变化还需从气温、降水、径流、冰川等时空分布特性综合研究     

滇池水环境治理的“调水”“活水”工程

3.40MaB P，沿普渡河断裂发育的普渡河和沿小江断裂发育的小江均汇入到昆明盆地，形成滇池，并产生厚达千米的堆积物。早更新世晚期，金沙江贯通，导致普渡河和小江均倒流汇入金沙江，从而滇池处在金沙江、珠江和红河三大水系的风口的位置，滇池的补给系数变小，换水周期增长。近几十年来，污染物的输入和积累，导致滇池水质急剧下降。因此滇池水环境的整治，除了减少污染物的输入外，建议在禄劝县引掌鸠河的水入螳螂川，并流入滇池。滇池的集水面积增加到16 066 km2，滇池的入湖地表径流量就增加到26.64×108 m3，换水周期减少到197.2 d。与此同时使滇池在昆明向北流出，污染物不再扩散到整个湖泊，这样便可较好地解决滇池污染，整治滇池的水环境。     

Spatiotemporal variation in rainfall erosivity on the Chinese Loess Plateau during the period 1956–2008

Water resources and soil erosion are the most important environmental concerns on the Chinese Loess Plateau, where soil erosion and sediment yield are closely related to rainfall erosivity. Daily rainfall data from 60 meteorological stations were used to investigate the spatiotemporal variations in annual rainfall, annual erosive rainfall and annual rainfall erosivity on the Chinese Loess Plateau during the period 1956–2008. The annual rainfall, erosive rainfall and rainfall erosivity decreased over the past five decades, as determined by the Mann–Kendall test. A comparison of the annual averaged rainfall, erosive rainfall and rainfall erosivity from 1980 to 2008 with that from 1956 to 1979 revealed a remarkable spatial difference in the rainfall trends on the Loess Plateau. Regions of the plateau with major decreases in rainfall were primarily in the Hekouzhen-Longmen section of the middle Yellow River, especially in the Wuding River basin, the Fenhe basin and the northern-central Shanxi province, where the annual rainfall and erosive rainfall decreased by more than 10% and the annual rainfall erosivity decreased by more than 15%. The rainfall erosivity also decreased more than the annual rainfall. Because the annual rainfall has decreased significantly on the Chinese Loess Plateau over the past 50 years, it is important to better understand the ecological and hydrological processes affected by this climate change.     

鄱阳湖流域水化学环境参数的变化特征

分别于2010年2月和7月，对鄱阳湖湖区和入湖河流的pH、TDS以及主要离子浓度进行了测定，分析了主要离子组成的时空变化特征及其影响机制。结果表明，鄱阳湖流域水体属于弱矿化度软水，Ca2+是湖水和河水的主要阳离子，分别占阳离子总数〖JP〗的5935%、4989%；HCO-3是湖水和河水的主要阴离子，分别占阴离子总数的5337%、5937%，水质类型为Ca-HCO-3型水；主要离子组成和TDS浓度具有明显的季节和沿程变化特征，这与降雨季节性变化以及不同水系的地质背景有关；从河流水系上游至湖区的水化学特征依次为HCO-3型、HCO-3-SO2-4和SO2-4型。从水化学控制机制上看，鄱阳湖丰水期受大气降水作用和地质条件影响显著，而枯水期降雨量大大减少，主要受岩石风化、蒸发沉淀作用和人为输入的影响。除此之外，SO2-4型水的增加与长江干流酸化以及丰水期长江顶托倒灌现象有密切关系     

鄱阳湖枯水水位及流速时空分布模拟

大型通江湖泊鄱阳湖水文节律独特,水位和流速是其生态系统功能维持的关键因子。为探究其水位和流速时空特征,基于EFDC(Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code)模型,利用五河及湖口水文数据、气象数据及湖底高程作为输入条件,模拟出鄱阳湖的枯水水文统计年(2010-07-01~2011-06-30)水位和流速时空变化过程。模拟结果表明:(1)星子等4个站点拟合程度较好(r20.85),达到了复杂湖库水动力模拟的精度。(2)高水位期,湖区水位空间分布无明显差异,水深直接受湖底高程影响,自上游至下游呈逐级递增;低水位期,鄱阳湖水位在空间上出现明显差异,湖区外缘水位至入江水道逐级递减,水深分布空间差异不大,仅入江水道处水深明显高于其他水域。(3)流速也包括一系列时空变化特征,如高水位时期流速小于低水位时期;除大水面时期外,深水道流速大于主湖区;高水位时期上游流速略高于下游,但其他月份,北部入江水道流速均大于南部湖区等。(4)流速与水位关系密切,且不同水位对应流速大小及分布有所差异。鄱阳湖枯水水位和流速模拟分析可为大型湖库枯水水情管理提供科学参考和辅助决策支持。     

1956~2011年鄱阳湖水沙特征及其变化规律分析

近年来,鄱阳湖水沙研究集中在鄱阳湖"五河"各水文站的单站分析上,且水沙数据采用大多仅至21世纪初期,对缺测资料未进行有效插补。将鄱阳湖作为一个研究整体,分析了鄱阳湖水沙特征及其变化规律,以便为鄱阳湖泊形态变化研究以及水、沙资源的合理开发利用提供有利的参考依据。运用水沙相关、上下游泥沙相关法对部分缺测泥沙进行插补,获得1956~2011年的鄱阳湖入、出湖水沙系列数据。利用数理统计法、水沙双累积曲线法、Mann-Kendall法分析鄱阳湖入、出湖径流量与输沙量变化特征,并且探讨了水沙变化的原因。结果表明:(1)入湖径流量和输沙量的年内分配相一致,而长江水沙的倒灌影响了出湖径流量和输沙量的年内分配;(2)鄱阳湖入湖悬移质泥沙从90年代开始下降趋势加剧,而出湖悬移质泥沙1956~2000年整体呈下降趋势,2001~2011年呈现上升趋势;(3)鄱阳湖入、出湖年输沙量出现明显的突变点分别在1998年左右、2003年左右;(4)径流量总体处于相对稳定状态,但近10a来径流量略下降,主要受到降水量变少的影响,入湖输沙量变化受"五河"流域的水库蓄水拦沙、流域水土保持工作加强、人类河床采砂等因素影响;而出湖河段河床深度下切、江湖水面比降加大、人类在鄱阳湖采砂扰动河(湖)床均加大了近10a来出湖悬移质泥沙的输出。     

Assessment of environmental changes in the Orinoco River delta

Major anthropogenic driven changes in the hydrologic and sedimentation patterns of the Orinoco River have had an impact on environmental conditions in the delta. The abrupt water flow reduction from 3,600 to 200 m³ s^–1 in one of its major distributaries resulting from dam construction forced its transformation from a fresh-water body into a tidal channel with an increase in salinity level (as far as 100 km upstream) and with well-mixed water at the mouth and estuarine connection to the Paria Gulf. Three different sectors along this distributary can be identified (indicated by the Na/Cl ratio in the water). As a result, noticeable changes have occurred in the mangrove community which moved about 60 km further upstream. The changes have also promoted the formation of new islands of sediment progradation at the mouth of this distributary, where successional colonization and species replacement by different species of grasses and mangroves take place. Electronic Publication     

江西仙女湖流域大型底栖动物群落结构及水质评价

以典型的亚热带大型山地丘陵湖泊——江西省仙女湖研究为例,2014~2015年每月对仙女湖湖区及主要入湖河流进行了大型底栖动物群落的周年动态研究。经鉴定得底栖动物111种,隶属3门53科77属。其中软体动物40种,节肢动物61种,环节动物10种。优势种为中华颤蚓、梨形环棱螺、河蚬、锯齿新米虾、羽摇蚊、粗腹摇蚊属、前突摇蚊属、霍甫水丝蚓。仙女湖大型底栖动物年平息栖息密度为346 ind./m2,年平均生物量为54.26 g/m2;不同区域和季节底栖动物的栖息密度与生物量有显著差异(P0.05),河流型生境R2年平均栖息密度最大,为722 ind./m2。湖泊型生境L4年平均栖息密度最小,为251 ind./m2。1月的平均栖息密度最高,为567 ind./m2,5月平均栖息密度最低,为163 ind./m2。用辛普森多样性指数对不同区域水质进行评价,结果表明,入湖河流和钤阳湖为轻度污染,舞龙湖为中度污染。系统聚类和MDS排序分析表明,大型底栖动物的分布具有环境空间异质性,可以划分为2个群落。     

湖南省四水流域水沙周期特征及其影响因素分析

采用复小波变换和M K非参数检验的方法分析了湖南省四水流域主要控制站1951~2011年径流量与输沙量周期规律和突变特征。结果表明：(1)湖南四水径流量存在多个波动增加和波动减少的波动变化现象，但无显著变化趋势；而输沙量虽然有一定的波动，但总体上呈波动减少变化态势，而且下降趋势较显著;(2)湘潭站、桃江站和桃源站径流量和输沙量存在20~25 a的第一主周期，而石门站径流量和输沙量的第一主周期不具有一致性，径流量主周期为2 a，输沙量主周期为13 a，但其径流量和输沙量第二、三主周期变化规律相吻合，均为3~5 a的周期;(3)大量的水利工程建设是导致输沙量减少的主要原因，径流量的变化与降水的变化规律较为一致     

Strategic assessment of the magnitude and impacts of sand mining in Poyang Lake, China

Planning for the extraction of aggregates is typically dealt with at a case to case basis, without assessing environmental impacts strategically. In this study we assess the impact of sand mining in Poyang Lake, where dredging began in 2001 after sand mining in the Yangtze River had been banned. In April 2008 concern over the impact on the biodiversity led to a ban on sand mining in Poyang Lake until further plans could be developed. Planning will require consideration of both sand extraction in relation to available sediment resources and also environmental impacts within the context of future demand for sand in the lower Yangtze Valley. We used pairs of near-infrared (NIR) Aster satellite imagery to estimate the number of vessels leaving the lake. Based on this we calculated a rate of sand extraction of 236 million m³ year⁻¹ in 2005–2006. This corresponds to 9% of the total Chinese demand for sand. It qualifies Poyang Lake as probably the largest sand mining operation in the world. It also indicates that sand extraction currently dominates the sediment balance of the lower Yangtze River. A positive relation between demand for sand and GDP, revealed by historic data from the USA, suggests that the current per capita demand for sand in China might increase in the near future from 2 to 4 m³ year⁻¹. We review various environmental impacts and question whether it will be possible to preserve the rich biodiversity of the lake, while continuing at the same time satisfying the increasing Chinese demand for sand. Finally we review alternative options for sand mining, in order to relieve the pressure from the Poyang Lake ecosystem.     

基于遥感技术的鄱阳湖-长江水体清浊倒置现象的分析

长期以来，在鄱阳湖和长江的交汇处，江水混浊而湖水清澈，然而，近年来江水清澈而湖水混浊。这种鄱阳湖 长江清浊倒置现象引起了广泛的关注，但鲜有研究人员系统分析这种现象的成因。借助中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）和Landsat影像分析这种清浊倒置现象的起始时间和成因。基于MODIS影像反演的鄱阳湖和长江水体透明度显示在2004年以前鄱阳湖北部的水体透明度明显高于长江，而在2005和2006年长江水体透明度高于鄱阳湖北部，出现清浊倒置现象；同期鄱阳湖北部和长江水体透明度对比分析发现这种水体清浊倒置现象受长江水体透明度增加和鄱阳湖水体透明度下降的双重影响，但鄱阳湖北部水体透明度的变化在其中扮演主要角色；由Landsa影像识别的采（运）砂船数量及其与鄱阳湖北部水体透明度关系的分析表明，自2001年开始的鄱阳湖北部的采砂活动引起此区域水体透明度的显著下降.     

Heavy metals in mullet, Liza abu, and catfish, Silurus triostegus, from the Atatürk Dam Lake (Euphrates), Turkey

The distribution of some heavy metals in three different organs of mullet, Liza abu, and catfish, Silurus triostegus, from Atatürk Dam Lake located on Euphrates (Turkey) was studied. Co and Mo concentrations were below limits of detection in all fish organs, whereas Ni was also below limits in organs of mullet. The metal accumulation in the liver and gill of L. abu and S. triostegus was found to be quite high in comparison with the muscle. In general, the concentrations are similar to those previously observed on other fish studied in Atatürk Dam Lake and lower than those determined in Tigris River. The analysed metals (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni and Zn) were found in fish muscle at mean concentrations under the permissible limits proposed by FAO.     

近50年鄱阳湖水位变化特征研究

基于鄱阳湖棠荫水文站近50 a(1962～2012年)水位资料，采用Mann Kendall法和最大熵谱法分析鄱阳湖湖区水位的演变趋势和周期性。研究表明：(1)年平均水位、年最高水位没有显著变化趋势，年最低水位具有显著下降趋势；(2)年平均水位、年最高水位的突变点为2005年，突变后期转为微弱下降趋势，年最低水位的突变点为2003和2005年，突变后期下降速度加快；(3）年平均水位以25~26 a为第一主周期，6~7 a为次主周期，11 a、12 a、16 a年为第三主周期，年最高水位以19 a为主周期，年最低水位以6 a为第一主周期，16 a为次主周期;(4）未来10 a内鄱阳湖水资源量并无显著衰减趋势，洪水位并无上升趋势，年最低水位持续走低，进入枯水时间提前，枯水持续时间延长     

Evaluation of air quality indicators in Alberta,Canada – An international perspective

There has been an increase in oil sands development in northern Alberta, Canada and an overall increase in economic activity in the province in recent years. An evaluation of the state of air quality was conducted in four Alberta locations – urban centers of Calgary and Edmonton, and smaller communities of Fort McKay and Fort McMurray in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR). Concentration trends, diurnal hourly and monthly average concentration profiles, and exceedances of provincial, national and international air quality guidelines were assessed for several criteria air pollutants over the period 1998 to 2014. Two methods were used to evaluate trends. Parametric analysis of annual median 1 h concentrations and non-parametric analysis of annual geometric mean 1 h concentrations showed consistent decreasing trends for NO₂ and SO₂ (< 1 ppb per year), CO (< 0.1 ppm per year) at all stations, decreasing for THC (< 0.1 ppm per year) and increasing for O₃ (≤ 0.52 ppb per year) at most stations and unchanged for PM_2.5 at all stations in Edmonton and Calgary over a 17-year period. Little consistency in trends was observed among the methods for the same air pollutants other than for THC (increasing in Fort McKay < 0.1 ppm per year and no trend in Fort McMurray), PM_2.5 in Fort McKay and Fort McMurray (no trend) and CO (decreasing < 0.1 ppm per year in Fort McMurray) over the same period. Levels of air quality indicators at the four locations were compared with other Canadian and international urban areas to judge the current state of air quality. Median and annual average concentrations for Alberta locations tended to be the smallest in Fort McKay and Fort McMurray. Other than for PM_2.5, Calgary and Edmonton tended to have median and annual average concentrations comparable to and/or below that of larger populated Canadian and U.S. cities, depending upon the air pollutant.     

长江经济带全要素碳生产率的时空演化及提升潜力

将碳排放引入全要素生产率分析框架之中,利用Malmquist指数对长江经济带2000~2013年的全要素碳生产率进行测算。实证研究结果显示:(1)从时间维度来看,在此期间长江经济带碳生产率一直处于震荡上升的趋势,而全要素碳生产率处于较平稳的状态,年均增长率为2%;(2)从空间差异来看,长江经济带上中下游碳生产率区域差异明显,下游中游上游,全要素碳生产率下游区域高于中上游区域,而中游区域和上游区域则处于"追赶-超越-被反超"的状态;(3)上游区域全要素碳生产率增长的动力为技术效率的提高,中游区域全要素碳生产率平均下降了0.1%的原因为技术进步恶化的幅度已经完全抵消了技术效率提升带来的变化,下游区域主要是通过技术创新推动最优生产前沿向外移动使得全要素碳生产率平均增长了4.4个百分点;(4)安徽和贵州两地碳生产率提高的空间最大,而云南、四川和重庆地区也可通过技术进步、技术创新促进碳生产率的提高,上海、浙江、江苏和江西的碳生产率提升空间最小。     

洞庭湖近年干旱与三峡蓄水影响分析

季节性水文干旱是洞庭湖近年突出的水情问题,并因三峡影响而倍受关注。基于洞庭湖水文干旱的关注焦点（湿地生态影响）及其与湖泊水情的对应关系,建立了湖泊滩地出露与持续时间为依据的干旱度量指标;并利用水文分析方法,揭示了洞庭湖水文干旱发生的时空特点和水情机制;最后,基于BP神经网络模型获取的三峡水库蓄水对洞庭湖的水位影响量化了三峡水库秋季蓄水对湖区干旱的贡献分量。结果认为：（1）2000年后,洞庭湖的干旱频次明显增多、旱情加重,干旱程度以西洞庭最剧,东洞庭次之,南洞庭最轻;（2）洞庭湖不同湖区干旱成因存在一定差异,其中全湖的春旱基本由洞庭湖流域来水偏少引起,而东洞庭湖秋旱主要由长江来水减少引起,西、南洞庭湖秋旱则由长江和洞庭湖流域来水共同减少形成;（3）三峡水库蓄水对东洞庭湖秋旱起到一定的加重作用,但并非洞庭湖近年干旱的主要因素     

近50 a长江流域暴雨日数时空变化分析

利用1961~2010年长江流域逐日降水资料和DEM数据,结合Mann-Kendall趋势法、变差系数法以及GIS空间分析等方法,分析了近50 a长江流域年均暴雨日数时空变化特征。结果表明:长江流域年均暴雨日数基本呈自东向西递减的规律,且随着海拔升高,年均暴雨日数逐渐减少,两者呈显著负相关关系;长江流域上游高原气候影响区年均暴雨日数小于1 d;而中上游中亚热带湿润气候影响区大于2 d;随着纬度的增加,暴雨开始时间推迟,结束时间提前,持续时间减少;年暴雨日数的变差系数与年均暴雨日数满足幂指数关系,相关系数达0.97,为显著相关。表现为年均暴雨日数大(小)的地方,变差系数小(大);除长江中下游中部和四川盆地及其周边地区年暴雨日数为减少趋势外,其它地方均表现为不同程度的增加趋势。鄱阳湖水系、四川(雅安市、峨眉山市、万源市)、湖南(安化县、南岳区)、湖北(洪湖市、英山县)年暴雨日数多且变差系数小,洪水、泥石流等灾害压力巨大;为有关部门了解长江流域洪水等灾害的发生机制、提高灾害预测预报能力、制定防灾减灾政策等提供科学依据。     

基于栖息地指标法的生态流量研究

以大渡河流域为例，根据指示鱼类对栖息地的环境要求，构建包含水深、水面宽、流速、湿周和过水面积5个参数的栖息地评价体系，选择大渡河上游具有代表性的河段，建立流量与各指标之间的关系式，确定指示鱼类不同阶段的最低流量适宜值，得到满足各栖息地指标要求的最小生态流量。计算得出，足木足河的非避冬期最小生态流量为183～785 m3/s，避冬期为66 m3/s；大金川的非避冬期最小生态流量为266～865 m3/s，避冬期为266 m3/s；梭磨河的全年最小生态流量为283 m3/s；绰斯甲河的非避冬期最小生态流量为319～382 m3/s，避冬期为319 m3/s。区域最小生态流量的确定，可为研究区鱼类的保护提供参考，进而为维系地区生态平衡，协调生态环境与社会发展提供保障     

Ra–Po–Pb isotope systematics in waters of Sambhar Salt Lake,Rajasthan (India): geochemical characterization and particulate reactivity

The Sambhar Salt Lake hydrological system, including river waters, groundwaters, evaporating pans and sub-surface brines, has been analyzed for the salt content (TDS) and naturally occurring radionuclides (²¹⁰Po, ²¹⁰Pb and ^226,228Ra). The abundance of these radionuclides and their activity ratios show a wide variation in different hydrological regimes, which helps to geochemically characterize the lake system. A significantly lower Ra to total dissolved solids (TDS) ratio in the brines (by two to three orders of magnitude), when compared to the groundwaters and river waters, suggests removal of dissolved Ra by co-precipitation with Ca–Mg minerals at an early stage of the brine evolution. The concentration of Ra in evaporating lake/pan waters saturates at a value of about 35 Bq L⁻¹ over the salinity range of 100–370 g L⁻¹; attributable to its equilibration with the clay minerals. The two distinct regimes, saline lake system (lake water, evaporating pans and sub-surface brines) and groundwaters have been identified based on their differences in the distribution of ^226,228Ra isotopes. This observation points to the conclusion that the groundwaters and the lake brines are not intimately coupled in terms of their origin and evolution. The abundances of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb along with their activity ratios (²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb) are markedly different among the surface lake waters/evaporating pans, sub-surface lake brines and groundwaters. These differences are explained in terms of different geochemical behaviour of these nuclides in presence of algae and organic matter present in these water regimes.