含油污泥石油烃在生物强化堆肥处理中降解特性研究

为提高含油污泥的生物降解效率,通过混合菌剂强化堆肥法处理含油污泥的小试试验,采用GC-MS图谱分析技术对石油烃中正构烷烃、藿烷、甾烷的降解规律进行分析.结果表明:7%的油泥经微生物强化堆肥处理49 d后降解率在85%以上.石油烃中3种系列的降解难易顺序为正构烷烃>藿烷>甾烷,从降解规律来看,微生物降油复合菌剂对高碳数正构烷烃的平均降解率（75.55%）大于对低碳数正构烷烃的平均降解率（62.98%）,说明总石油烃中降解率最大的是正构烷烃.微生物降油复合菌剂对藿烷的降解率在90%以上,其对22S-31,32,33,34-四升藿烷的降解率最高.微生物降油复合菌剂能够促进孕甾烷的转化,且对重排甾烷的降解效果较明显,对甾烷类化合物中4-甲基-24-乙基-胆甾烷的降解效果最好.微生物降油复合菌剂对正构烷烃的奇偶碳降解优势不明显;藿烷的立体构型转化参数大于甾烷的立体构型转化参数,这也解释了藿烷的降解易于甾烷的原因.研究显示,微生物降油复合菌剂对石油烃中正构烷烃、藿烷、甾烷的降解效果均较好.      

BIOX长效促生物氧化剂修复石油烃污染土壤的中试研究

在污染土壤处置基地生物大棚中,利用BIOX长效促生物氧化剂对石油烃污染的土样进行了原址异位的修复中试,考察药剂投加量对土壤中石油烃降解率的影响。试验结果显示,土壤中总石油烃含量约为5 000 mg/kg时,投加3%和5%的BIOX长效促生物氧化剂,处理60 d后,石油烃的降解率分别为76.7%和79.7%,比对照组的降解率分别高出48%和51%,处理后土壤中总石油烃含量降至约1 000 mg/kg,处理效果明显。本试验中石油烃降解率并未随BIOX投加量的增加而大幅提高,影响石油烃降解菌生长的主要限制因素可能为环境温度和石油烃含量较低。     

油田污染土壤残油组成与特征参数分析

为揭示石油在土壤中的降解规律、残油组分特征,筛选土壤残油的生物降解性评价参数,选取大庆、胜利、百色3个油田区共18个深度降解的石油污染土样,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了土壤残油中链烷烃(正烷烃+姥鲛烷+植烷)、多环芳烃(PAHs)、萜烷、甾烷及三芳甾烃等5类超过100种石油烃单体.结果表明,经长期降解后残留在土壤残油中总烷烃残留率低于10%,总PAHs残留率低于30%,而萜烷、甾烷及三芳甾烃等生物标志物较难降解.正烷烃降解性随碳数增加有下降的趋势,但碳数<37的正烷烃降解率平均值>80%;PAHs中2～4环PAHs降解率平均值>70%,5～6环PAHs较难生物降解;萘系列、菲系列、系列及苯并[e]芘系列中随烷基取代数增多而残留率增高.残油中可被GC-MS识别的组分<3%,主要为碳数高于20的正烷烃、烷基取代萘和菲、萜烷、甾烷及三芳甾烃等生物标志物.基于烷烃及多环芳烃组成特征,筛选出6个由易降解组分含量与总油或难降解组分含量的比值构成的标准残油的特征参数,可用于判断污染土壤中石油污染物的生物降解性.     

石油污染土壤的生物修复技术及微生物生态效应

利用投菌法和生物刺激法对陕北子长石油污染土壤进行微生物修复研究.通过利用红外分光光度法测定不同处理方法对石油烃的去除效果确定了修复陕北石油污染土壤的最佳方案.修复过程中利用最大可能计数法(MPN)、PCR-琼脂糖电泳法、PCR-DGGE法分别测定了石油烃降解菌数目、催化基因、土壤微生物多样性对土壤微生物生态效应进行研究.结果发现石油污染土壤不同生物处理修复效果为:生物刺激(加入N、P营养物质)生物强化(投加降解菌)其他.土壤中石油烃降解率与可降解石油烃的催化基因含量之间存在正相关关系,修复过程中土壤中的石油烃和烷烃降解菌数量显著多于多环芳烃降解菌数量,投加外源降解菌SZ-1可以显著提高土壤细菌群落的多样性.研究结果有助于深入理解生物修复石油土壤过程中的微生物生态效应变化.     

石油污染土壤生物修复过程中氮循环功能基因的动态检测

氮循环相关功能微生物在土壤发挥其生态功能中起着重要的作用.为定量分析其中的固氮细菌、反硝化细菌和硝化细菌在石油污染土壤生物修复过程中的演变情况,采用了实时定量PCR技术对其相关功能基因nifH、narG和amoA的拷贝数进行检测.结果表明,污染土壤中nifH、narG和amoA基因拷贝数及其占总16S rRNA基因拷贝数的比例远低于正常土壤,修复后土壤中的同类分析结果与正常土壤接近.表明石油污染物破坏了氮循环相关菌落结构,而生物修复则使其得以恢复.进一步分析了不同修复方式下氮循环功能基因的恢复情况以及土壤中石油烃降解率.也表明同时添加秸秆和菌剂具有最好的修复效果,处理40 d后其nifH、narG和amoA基因拷贝数（以干土计）分别恢复到2.68×106、1.71×106和8.54×104g-1,石油烃降解率达到48%.投加真菌-细菌复合菌剂的效果优于只投加细菌菌剂的效果.本研究结果表明氮循环功能基因的动态监测可以从基因和物种水平上反映土壤修复的效果,为土壤修复的监控和效果评估提供参考.     

腐植酸改性生物质电厂灰固定化微生物修复石油烃污染土壤

以生物质电厂灰为载体,用腐植酸对其改性后,负载石油烃降解菌形成固定化菌剂对原油污染土壤进行修复,其中对生物质电厂灰改性的最佳条件以及固定化菌剂对原油污染土壤的修复效果进行了考察。结果表明:生物质电厂灰改性的最佳条件为:电厂灰粒径10~40目,固液比1∶1,改性时间4 h,改性后孔状结构增多且表面粗糙,有利于微生物的附着,固定的微生物数量可达1.5×109 CFU/g。进行60 d的修复后,固定化菌剂对污染土壤中石油烃的降解率达到51.9%,比游离菌提高了25.0%,对长链正构烷烃、芳香烃及胶质的降解率分别提高了9.6%、31.7%和37.5%。固定化生物质电厂灰的应用使石油烃降解菌得到保护和支撑,提高了土壤基础呼吸速率和土壤酶活性,实现了石油烃的高效降解。因此,腐植酸改性生物质电厂灰是一种在石油污染土壤修复方面具有应用潜力的微生物固定化材料。     

石油降解菌对石油烃中不同组分的降解及演化特征研究

从甘肃华庆油田油井附近石油污染的土壤中得到5种菌属的石油降解菌,以各菌剂对原油不同组分的降解率及其标志物演化参数为基础,利用GC-MS联用技术分析测定了7 d和15 d石油烃中正构烷烃、藿烷、芳香烃的降解率,用各种标志物反映各菌剂对原油中正构烷烃、藿烷、芳香烃演化特征.结果表明:F2、A5、混合菌(H)对于高碳数段的正构烷烃降解率高达60%以上,混合菌剂对于正构烷烃的降解较均衡;正构烷烃在前后两个阶段的降解呈现出对低碳和高碳降解的互补规律,奇偶碳数优势(OEP)在15 d更明显;F2菌剂的w(∑C21-)/w(∑C22+)值说明对其高碳数降解优势最明显;各菌w(Pr)/w(Ph)比值均大于原油,说明原油中类异戊二烯烷烃在不同菌剂的作用中发生了明显的降解.各菌剂作用能促使五环三萜类化合物的手性碳R构型向更稳定的S构型转化,短期内已接近转化终点;A5对藿烷降解的w(Ts)/w(Tm)比值最大(0.966),转化最彻底;A5、D4和F2菌株后期作用原油时,藿烷系列的降解速率明显大于正构烷烃系列,表现出降解藿烷的优势;各菌剂对芳香烃具有强烈的去甲基化作用,A5和D4菌降解芳烃优势更明显.     

贫养分低有机质黄绵土中石油烃的生物去除特性及菌群结构变化

为探究陕北油田开采区贫养分低有机质土壤中石油烃的有效去除方法及修复特性,利用生物强化和生物刺激对陕北地区石油污染土壤进行修复研究,比较了两种修复方式对土壤中石油烃的去除效果和对土壤菌群结构多样性的影响.结果表明:相比生物强化修复方式,向土壤中施入氮素进行生物刺激修复更有利于土壤中石油烃的去除:向土壤中加入KNO₃调节土壤C/N为100∶20,在含水量为15.1%的条件下修复60 d时,土壤中石油烃去除率达到44.77%;接种降解菌强化修复对石油烃的去除率仅为17.87%.在5.1%和15.1%两种不同含水量条件下,接种的降解菌群可在土壤中生长并存活.外源菌的生长存活和石油烃降解无明显相关关系,影响石油烃降解的非生物因子为土壤养分和含水量,生物因子为土壤菌群的丰富度和均匀度.研究显示,在对污染土壤进行修复时,应“因地制宜”选择适合当地水热条件的修复方式以增加土壤菌群的稳定性,进而提高土壤微生物的代谢活性.      

3次投加H2O2预氧化对石油污染土壤中石油烃生物降解的研究

为得到一种高效降解石油烃(TPH)的Fenton预氧化联合生物修复石油污染土壤的修复方式,考察了分3次投加不同浓度H₂O₂预氧化后羟基自由基(·OH)特征、NH⁺₄-N浓度、DOC浓度、脱氢酶及多酚氧化酶活性,以及石油烃去除量。结果表明：5 g石油污染土样体系中,将900 mmol/L的H₂O₂(4.635 mL)分3次投加预氧化后,所产生的·OH最大瞬时强度低,·OH的持续时间短,对石油降解菌杀伤作用少,TPH氧化量较高。生物修复前20 d, NH⁺₄-N浓度消耗量较高(170.45 mg/kg),石油降解菌菌量增长快,长链烷烃C₂₁—C₃₀(22%)和DOC降解率(69%)高,生物修复前期充足NH⁺₄-N浓度的消耗诱导石油降解菌在0～50 d高效降解长链烷烃(42%)。脱氢酶活性和多酚氧化酶活性在20 d达到顶峰,表明微生...     

不同生物修复组合对石油污染的修复效应

为探究不同生物修复组合对土壤石油污染的去除效果,该研究采用室内污染暴露实验,分析了不同生物修复体系对土壤总石油烃的降解率和正构烷烃、多环芳烃2种石油烃主要成分的变化规律。结果表明,翅碱蓬单独处理组虽表现出一定的石油污染修复能力,但翅碱蓬+石油降解菌和翅碱蓬+石油降解菌+沙蚕处理组合对土壤总石油烃的降解率分别提高了12.71%和26.85%,表明联合生物修复可以更好地促进石油烃降解。翅碱蓬+降油细菌+沙蚕处理组中正构烷烃和多环芳烃组分的降解率均高于其他生物修复。多生物联合修复表现出对高碳原子数烷烃和芳烃良好的修复能力。研究结果证实,多生物联合修复组合对土壤石油污染的修复效果优于生物单独处理组,这为利用多生物联合修复组合开展滨海滩涂石油污染提供了一定的理论基础。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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