污灌区与非污灌区的地下水主要水质指标变化趋势及对比研究

通过对水文地质条件和天然条件下水质相似的一处非污水灌溉区地下水与一处污水灌溉区地下水水质的对比研究 ,得出污水灌溉区地下水水质变差主要是由化肥和污水灌溉共同引起的 ,且非污灌区地下水水质要好于污灌区的水质。污水灌溉对地下水的影响程度与化肥对地下水的影响基本相同。同时本文也独立地给出了污水灌溉和化肥对地下水水质的影响规律。     

污灌区与非污灌区的地下水主要水质指标变化趋势及对比研究

通过对水文地质条件和天然条件下水质相似的一处非污水灌溉地区水与一处污水灌溉区地下水水质的对比研究，得出污水灌溉区地下水水质为差主要是由化肥和污水灌溉共同引起的，且非污灌区地下水质要好于污灌区的水质。污水灌溉对地下水的影响程度与化肥对地下水的基本相同。同时本文也独立地给出了污水灌溉和化肥对地下水质的影响规律。     

再生水用于都市绿地灌溉的研究进展

污水再利用具有节水和治污双重功能,用于绿地灌溉意义重大。综述了再生水灌溉对绿地土壤、植物、地下水的影响。着重介绍了国外的研究情况,分析了其试验结果及影响因素,表明虽然再生水中的一些有害成分会发生积累,但由于处理工艺、降雨等因素影响,对绿地生态系统影响不大,使用再生水灌溉绿地是切实可行的。     

神东矿井污水的开发与利用

神东矿区地处荒漠地区，水资源非常缺乏，煤炭的开发不可避免地破坏了地下水资源。因此，水资源及其利用成为制约矿区建设的关键因素之一。针对这种状况，在采用先进技术对生活污水进行处理的同时，结合矿井污水和采空区及其充填物的特点，重点开发了矿井污水采空区过滤净化技术，为矿井污水的净化与利用开辟了一条新途径。     

车站污水处理技术应用研究进展

铁路车站,为数众多、分布较广,其排放的污水对周围环境造成的影响日益受到人们的关注,因此,系统地介绍了近年来在车站污水处理方面的应用研究进展。序列间歇式活性污泥法（SBR）,适用于对水质、水量变化较大的大中型车站的污水处理,具有投资少,且处理效果好的特点;膜生物反应器（MBR）,处理污水的出水水质较好,适用于对中水回用要求较高的车站;而污水的土地处理系统,则适合于土地相对富裕的中小型车站,具有投资省、维护方便的特点;水解-好氧工艺,能够很好地用于含油等有机物浓度较高的大型车站的污水处理。     

采油污水生物处理技术

采油污水是石油工业中的重点污染源之一。本文论述了采油污水生物处理的难度和技术可行性 ,总结了国内外近年来采油污水生物处理技术的现状及研究进展。     

污水回用的发展与前景

近２０多年来,随着科学技术的进步,市政和工业污水经过深度处理产生的高质量的再生水可作各种有益的用途,本文讨论了污水回用用途、计划方法、污水再生技术、再生水安全回用和前景。     

再生水灌溉对土壤中重金属形态及分布的影响

通过土柱模拟实验,分析了再生水灌溉对土壤pH、电导率(EC)、有机质、CaCO3水平及4种重金属(Zn、Cd、Cu、As)的形态和分布的影响,探讨了再生水灌溉对土壤中重金属形态稳定性的影响.结果表明,和地下水灌溉(清灌)相比,再生水灌溉(污灌)使表层土中有机质质量分数由0.06％增加到0.32％,pH降低了0.4个单位...     

气浮与生化强化工艺在油田污水工程改造中应用

针对河南油田聚合物驱采油污水,定性分析了污水中的聚合物,研究了聚合物对污水COD的影响.结果表明,污水中聚合物的分子结构发生了一定的变化-CONH2水解为-COOH,同时测定了污水中1 mg/L部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)贡献1.3 mg/L COD.随着3次采油技术的发展,油田污水中聚合物含量逐年增大,聚合物含量大幅上升是导致污水COD上升的根本原因.在原有处理工艺基础上,增加絮凝气浮处理工艺单元,改造工程采用“预曝气除油+絮凝气浮+A/O生物膜”处理工艺后,运行结果表明,出水COD为65 ～ 90 mg/L,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB/T 8978-1996)一级排放标准.     

新型防粘闭污水土地处理系统的研究与应用

对新型污水土地处理系统进行了研究，并详细分析了该系统具有较好处理效果且不发生堵塞的原因，总结了该系统的优缺点。     

Risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s via Spinacia oleracea ingestion after sewage water irrigation practices in Vehari District

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The use of sewage water as an irrigation source can be beneficial in agricultural practices, however, it may result in human health risks due to the...     

几种模拟处理方式污泥淋出液重金属与养分特征

为了减少城市污泥重金属对农田的污染,更好地实现污泥农业资源化利用,通过盆栽实验研究不同处理(对照、黑网、附Fe黑网、附Fe黑网+K2SO4及附Fe黑网+玉米)对城市污泥淋出液重金属和养分含量等的影响。结果表明,黑网可降低污泥淋出液的Zn﹑Cd总量,且没有减少污泥淋出液中氮、磷和钾的总量。Fe(OH)3可使淋出液中Zn总量降低,但同时也显著减少了淋出液中的磷总量。K2SO4可降低淋出液中的Cu总量,且促进Fe结合磷的释放。玉米的种植可使污泥的总重降低,同时玉米籽粒和茎叶重金属含量达到饲料标准。综合来看,任何处理每次淋出液的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd浓度均符合农田灌溉水标准,淋出液氮、磷、钾量占原污泥中氮、磷、钾总量的比例(0.98%～9.88%)远远大于重金属元素(Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd)占原污泥对应重金属总量的比例(0.04%～0.41%),污泥淋出液作为农田灌溉水进行肥水利用将是污泥农业资源化利用的适合途径,同时黑网+玉米处理可能是较理想的污泥综合处理利用方式。     

Factors impacting on pharmaceutical leaching following sewage application to land

Sewage effluent application to land is a treatment technology that requires appropriate consideration of various design factors. Soil type, level of sewage pre-treatment and irrigation rate were assessed for their influence on the success of soil treatment in removing pharmaceuticals remaining after conventional sewage treatment. A large scale experimental site was built to assess treatment performance in a realistic environment. Of the factors investigated, soil type had the biggest impact on treatment performance. In particular, carbamazepine was very efficiently removed (>99%) when irrigated onto a volcanic sandy loam soil. This was in contrast to irrigation onto a sandy soil where no carbamazepine removal occurred after irrigation. Differences were likely caused by the presence of allophane in the volcanic soil which is able to accumulate a high level of organic matter. Carbamazepine apparent adsorption distribution coefficients (K(d)) for both soils when irrigated with treated sewage effluent were determined as 25 L kg(-1) for the volcanic soil and 0.08 L kg(-1) for the sandy soil. Overall, a volcanic soil was reasonably efficient in removing carbamazepine while soil type was not a major factor for caffeine removal. Removal of caffeine, however, was more efficient when a partially treated rather than fully treated effluent was applied. Based on the investigated pharmaceuticals and given an appropriate design, effluent irrigation onto land, in conjunction with conventional sewage treatment may be considered a beneficial treatment for pharmaceutical removal.     

Effects of irrigation with raw and differentially diluted sewage and application of primary settled sewage-sludge on wheat plant growth, crop yield, enxymatic changes and trace element uptake

An increase in the concentration of Cu, Zn, Cr and Mn, and a decrease in the activities of aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase and peroxidase were observed in the different fractions of wheat plants, following raw and differentially diluted (66% and 50%) sewage irrigation and dry primary settled sewage-sludge amendments of soils. The grain enrichment efficiencies for Cu, Zn and Mn were significantly low under all experimental conditions. On the other hand, the grain enrichment efficiency for Cr was low under all sewage irrigation conditions only. Except in the earheads of wheat plants from sludge-amended soil, catalase activities were significantly low in roots, stems and earheads of wheat plants, under all other treatment conditions investigated. The decrease in the proteinase activity was statistically significant in roots and earheads of sewage-irrigated plants; the activity in the stem was low following irrigation with raw and 66% sewage only. Proteinase activity was also significantly low in all fractions of wheat plants harvested from soil amended with 20 tonnes of sludge per hectare. The observed results appear to be due to an overall decrease in the metabolic status of the plants following sewage irrigation and sludge amendment of soils. Grain yields, however, were not reduced despite this metabolic effect.     

Fractionation and bioavailability of metals and their impacts on microbial properties in sewage irrigated soil

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of long-term irrigation of sewage contaminated with heavy metals like Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb on microbial and biochemical parameters of soils of West Bengal, India. The microbial parameters included microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial metabolic quotient; the biochemical parameters included fluorescein diacetate hydrolyzing activity, beta-glucosidase, urease, phosphatase, and aryl sulphatase activities. A sequential extraction technique was used to quantify water soluble, exchangeable, carbonate bound, Fe/Mn-oxide bound, organically bound, and residual metal fractions. Metal concentrations in the two most labile fractions (i.e., water soluble and exchangeable fractions) were generally low. Total metal concentrations at each site seemed to be associated with soil amorphous Fe and Al minerals. The MBC and the enzymes studied were significantly and negatively correlated with water soluble and exchangeable metals but not significantly correlated with other forms, indicating that water soluble and exchangeable forms exerted a strong inhibitory effect on the soil microbial and biochemical parameters. It was concluded that irrigating soils with metal contaminated sewage seemed to damage soil quality in the long term.     

论合理施肥与土壤环境的可持续性发展

文中论述了合理施肥对提高作物产量、改善品质以及净化与保护生态环境、实现农业可持续性发展的重要性与不可替代性,而施肥不当或滥用肥料不仅对土壤、植物养分平衡失调,作物产量与品质构成威胁,而且更重要的是作物吸收后所残留的肥料随着灌水或降水而产生径流、淋溶或侧渗,其累积效应对土壤和地表水、地下水易于造成污染,从而影响土壤环境与农业生态系统的稳定性、可持续性发展。为此,本文在肯定施肥对农业生产重要作用的基础上,重点探讨了施肥不当或滥用化肥,以城市生活垃圾、污水等为肥源所可能导致的土壤环境污染、对生态系统的危害性及其有效防治措施。     

苏北灌溉总渠灌区土壤砷污染及调查研究

在对苏北灌溉总渠沿线灌区土壤采样分析的基础上,评价该灌区砷的污染状况,探讨了土壤中As的含量、分布、成因及其与人类活动的关系。结果表明,长期利用污水灌溉,导致砷在灌区耕层产生累积,土壤受到一定程度的污染,应当引起关注。     

The impact of sewage irrigation on the uptake of mercury in corn plants (Zea mays) from suburban Beijing

The impact of sewage irrigation on the uptake and translocation of mercury (Hg) in corn plants (Zea mays) was investigated. Corn plants were harvested the same day from two nearby fields in suburban Beijing, one irrigated historically with sewage effluent, and one irrigated solely with groundwater. Hg content was analyzed in the soil, roots and stems, while percent moisture and soil organic content were analyzed in the soil samples. The concentration of Hg in the soil and roots, and the soil organic content were not significantly different between the two fields, despite the historic practice of sewage irrigation. Hg content in roots was positively correlated with soil Hg concentration (r=0.95, n=6). The transfer coefficients between roots and stems were significantly higher in the control site (control: 2.06, sewage-irrigated: 0.44, p<0.05), indicating that the barrier effect of the roots was not consistent between the two fields.     

Characteristics of heavy metals in soils and grains of wheat and maize from farmland irrigated with sewage

The farmland irrigation with the sewage is a common and better pathway to save the resource of groundwater in Northern China. The investigation was conducted in the farmland along the Fuhe River to explore characteristics of heavy metals in soils and grains of wheat and maize from a long-term sewage-irrigated area of Baoding region. The results showed that the topsoil with long-term sewage irrigation accumulated more Cd, Pb, and Hg compared with that of soil irrigated with groundwater and their corresponding natural background values. Cd concentrations in 48% of sewage-irrigated soil samples exceeded the Chinese safety limitation at 0.6 mg/kg, but less Cd accumulated in crop grains and did not pose the potential health risk. On the contrary, Pb levels in soils irrigated with sewage were lower than the safety limitation but Pb concentrations in 24% of wheat grain samples exceeded the Chinese national safety limit. Long-term sewage irrigation did not increase As, Cr, and Ni concentrations in soils or crop grains. The target hazard quotient (THQ) of heavy metals in edible grains of crops was selected to assess their risk to human health. Total THQ values were higher than 1.0 for the wheat samples from sewage-irrigated area and both sewage-irrigated and smelter-impacted areas, and As is the main contributor to the total THQ and posed the potential risk to human health. Therefore, the accumulation of Cd, Pb, Hg, and As in soils and crops in sewage-irrigated area should be monitored continuously to ensure food safety and security.

     

Concentration estimation of heavy metal in soils from typical sewage irrigation area of Shandong Province,China using reflectance spectroscopy

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Since sewage irrigation can markedly disturb the status of heavy metals in soils, a convenient and accurate technique for heavy metal concentration...