废旧家用空调器的回收及关键技术研究

家用空调器等废旧家电的回收再利用，对全球的可持续发展具有重要意义，已受到国内外的高度重视。文章介绍了一般废旧家用电器的回收过程、回收方法，并对废旧家用空调器的回收过程做了具体介绍，最后提出了家用空调器等废旧家电的回收再利用过程中的关键技术。     

解析家庭消费模式——促进可持续发展

文章基于可持续发展的前提,提出当前影响经济可持续发展的消费行为已经逐步转变为家庭个体为主的消费模式;对家庭消费的重要性及其对环境所造成的压力进行分析;最后通过对国内三大城市消费情况研究了影响家庭消费模式驱动力,并在此基础上提出了构建中国可持续家庭消费模式的措施.     

南方丘陵山地农户对生态系统服务的感知及其影响因素——以湖南省慈利县为例

生态系统服务是保障乡村生态安全、环境健康以及经济可持续发展的重要基础,农户作为乡村地域生态系统与乡村经济发展的重要关联主体,其生产生活以及对生态系统服务的认知与感知变化对维护生态系统功能具有重要影响。以南方丘陵山地重点生态功能区——湖南省慈利县6个不同发展类型的农村社区为研究对象,基于农户访谈与入户调查,探究了2008—2018年农户对各类生态系统服务的多样性感知变化,采用多元线性回归方法构建农户对生态系统服务多样化感知指数模型,分析其影响因素,在此基础上提出两者协同发展的建议策略。结果表明：（1）农户对各类生态系统服务感知变化以及不同区域之间的感知均呈现差异性,农业生产主导区感知强于生态保护核心区和生态经济发展区;（2）农户对林地、农田、园地、湿地生态系统服务的多样性感知以及属性感知依次减弱;（3）自然环境、资源禀赋、个体特征等是影响农户生态系统服务属性感知的重要因素。研究结果以期为维护区域生态系统服务,提升农户福祉推进生态服务提升及乡村协同发展提供参考。     

辽宁省可持续发展指标体系和评价方法研究

阐述了可持续发展指标体系的概念及国内外可持续发展指标体系的研究状况，详细介绍了辽宁省建立可持续发展指标体系应遵循的原则，并提出了指标综合评价法，为实现区域可持续发展提供了技术依据。     

Bioenergy to mitigate for climate change and meet the needs of society,the economy and the environment

Changes towards environmental improvementsare becoming more politically acceptableglobally, especially in developedcountries. Society is slowly moving towardsseeking more sustainable productionmethods, waste minimisation, reduced airpollution from vehicles, distributed energygeneration, conservation of native forests,and reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions. Modern biomass, when used tosupply useful bioenergy services, has arole to play in each one of theseenvironmental drivers at both the large andsmall scales.This paper describes recent developments inbiomass supply and the technologies for itsconversion to bioenergy including biofuelsfor transport. It examines the economic,environmental and social benefits andidentifies barriers to bioenergy projectimplementation. Future opportunities forbiomass as a carbon (C) sink, a C offsetand a potential source of renewablehydrogen are discussed.Whether or not a bioenergy project iseconomically viable, as well as being trulyrenewable, sustainable and environmentallysound, is determined mainly by the sourceof biomass. The social benefits from usingbiomass are also valuable, though they areoften not clearly presented when proposingnew bioenergy projects or conductinganalyses of existing plants. Employmentrates per MWh or per GJ exceed those whenusing fossil fuel supplies to provide thesame energy service. `Ownership' bystakeholders and local communities at anearly stage in the development process isthe key to successful project developmentin order to share the benefits. Bioenergyhas a significant global role to play inthe mitigation of atmospheric GHG concentrations.     

国内外城市可持续发展指标体系比较

文章以英国2009年发表的可持续发展指标体系和美国可持续社区指标指南为例,比较了国内外城市可持续发展评估指标体系,列举了各指标体系的大类和分项,从指标体系的选择和评价方法的确定等方面综述了国内可持续发展指标体系,以期为制定和完善中国的城市可持续发展指标体系提供参考。     

青藏高原东北部土族家庭能源消费特征

家庭能源消费特征因受地理环境及文化等影响而存在显著的人文空间差异,尤其是对于特色或边远少数民族地区,迫切需要加强相关调查实证研究。基于青海省100户土族家庭的实地调研,从收入水平分组视角考察其能源消费特征,分析家庭能源消费活动的环境效应,并构建物质流模型予以可视化分析。结果表明：土族家庭年人均能源消费量为3473 kgce,以煤炭、薪柴和秸秆等为主;随着收入水平提升,能源消费结构逐渐向多元化转变且对能源重要性的认知逐渐从生物质能源转向商品能源。家庭能源消费导致的年人均CO₂、N₂O、NO_X、SO₂和TSP的产生量分别为1856.87 kg、117.10 g、254.46 g、451.87 g和520.74 g。未来应增强清洁能源利用水平,统筹推进青藏高原地区生活能源消费的可持续转型。     

上海都市农业可持续发展的定量综合评价

在借鉴国内外已有相关研究成果的基础上,构建了一套能凸显都市农业特色的可持续发展评价指标体系,选用以层次分析法与信息熵法相结合确定指标权重为核心的数学模型与方法,从时间尺度上对1993年上海自开展都市农业实践以来的都市农业可持续发展进行定量综合评价。结果表明:①人口子系统已逐步成为阻碍都市农业可持续发展的主要因素之一,经济子系统逐渐成为都市农业可持续发展的主要贡献因子,社会子系统对都市农业可持续发展的促进作用越来越大,农地资源短缺且持续减少,制约着都市农业可持续发展能力的提高,农业生产自身污染负荷较重,影响着都市农业可持续发展能力的全面提升;②都市农业可持续发展的R-D综合指数不高,下降趋势明显,都市农业可持续发展的资源压力较大且持续增加,E-D综合指数较低,变化幅度不大,都市农业可持续发展的环境压力大但趋向稳定;③可持续发展综合评价指数经过前期波浪式增减后持续稳步攀升,都市农业可持续发展能力增强态势明显。     

黑龙江大兴安岭森林绿色核算研究

在对国内外森林绿色核算研究综述的基础上,对黑龙江大兴安岭1997-2003年森林资源的实物量、价值量和森林绿色GDP等进行了核算。核算结果表明:黑龙江大兴安岭森林的eaGDP(environmentallyadjustedGDP)1997年为38.19×108元,2003年为57.34×108元,年均增长7.01%;森林的eaNDP(environmentallyadjustedNDP)1997年为25.70×108元,2003年为43.96×108元,年均增长9.36%。在森林绿色GDP核算的基础上,进行了资产负债和财富核算。结果表明,1997-2003年,黑龙江大兴安岭林地、林木存量价值呈减少的趋势;森林环境效益呈增加的趋势,反映在社会经济发展中对林地、林木存量的过度开发和利用。森林绿色GDP占GDP的比重和森林资源占国民财富的比重也呈下降的趋势,说明黑龙江大兴安岭虽然在天然林保护工程后,全面禁止天然林采伐,森林的生长量大于消耗量,表现为流量价值有所增加,反映森林是可持续的经营,但从存量上看对国民经济发展的支撑力是下降的。最后,研究指出,应加强生态补偿政策的研究,积极落实森林可持续经营对策和建议加强绿色财富政策的制定,以保证黑龙江大兴安岭森林的可持续发展和绿色财富的增长。     

三峡生态屏障区农户退耕受偿意愿的调查分析

运用参与式农户评估方法,对三峡生态屏障区内农户退耕还林的受偿意愿进行了调查.分析表明,退耕还林的生态效益受到普遍认可,但其可持续性令人担忧.1355份有效问卷中,愿意接受补偿的占74%,对未来生计的预期与土地相关性低的农户更愿意退耕.受偿意愿的形成具有明显的社会异质性和区域差异性.受访者性别、耕地面积、家庭年收入、帮扶形式、是否移民对受偿意愿值具有显著影响.屏障区平均补偿意愿为1014元/(亩×a).万州、秭归、渝北的受偿意愿值高于平均水平.建立基于区域的生态补偿标准和多元化的生态补偿方式,可以弥补目前均一型生态补偿标准和方式的不足,促进退耕还林工程和区域的可持续发展.     

Dynamic analysis and assessment for sustainable development

The assessment of sustainable development is crucial for constituting sustainable development strategies.Assessment methods that exist so far usually only use an indicator system for making sustainable judgement.These indicators rarely reflect dynamic characteristics.However,sustainable development is influenced by changes in the social-economic system and in the eco-environmental system at different times.Besides the spatial character,sustainable development has a temporal character that can not be neglected;therefore the research system should also be dynamic.This paper focuses on this dynamic trait,so that the assessment results obtained provide more information for judgements in decision-making processes.Firstly the dynamic characteristics of sustainable development are analyzed,which point to a track of sustainable development that is an upward undulating curve.According to the dynamic character and the development rules of a social,economic and ecological system,a flexible assessment approach that is based on tendency analysis,restrictive conditions and a feedback system is then proposed for sustainable development.     

The natural advantage of regions: linking sustainability,innovation, and regional development in Australia

The combined impacts of the financial crisis and climate change are driving the evolution of sustainable business and changing the way that governments plan for development. Markets are emerging for a range of environmentally orientated products and services as societies move (or lurch) towards reducing impacts and adapt to changing conditions. National governments are actively formulating policy and providing investment to develop green economies as one of the responses to the global financial crisis. Many of the political and economic drivers have been focused at the international and national scale, and while critical for setting the national framework for development, it often neglects the key role that regions and localities can play in ecological modernization. This paper explores two regional case studies in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, that are initiating shifts towards networks of sustainable businesses and communities and offers recommendations for further policy development. The focus of this paper is on the evolving regional sustainability market and its relationship to other social institutions including governments, communities and the individual. The unifying concept is the idea of the ‘natural advantage’, a model that integrates innovation and sustainability as a part of the regional development policy agenda.     

Functional and systems aspects of the sustainable product and service development approach for industry

The Sustainable Product and/or Service Development (SPSD) approach is a pragmatic industry support encompassing a range of strategies aimed at maximising environmental and social performance in all types of “offerings” whether they are “products”, “services” or Product Service Systems (PSS). Implementation of the approach was tested in industry and conclusions reached on the effectiveness of the strategies included in terms of developing an offering with improved sustainability performance as well as practical use as an industry approach. Two strategies incorporated are functional and systems thinking, as these are seen as key for increasing the environmental benefits of offerings. This paper summarises the SPSD approach, general industry testing results, describes how and why functional and systems strategies are incorporated in it and industry testing results relating to their use. This provides valuable information on how functional and systems related considerations can be practically and effectively included in sustainable offering development.     

可持续发展评价指标体系研究综述

可持续发展是当今世界关注的焦点问题之一。作为实施可持续发展战略重要工具的可持续发展评价指标体系是当前可持续性科学的研究热点。在阐明了可持续发展评价指标体系建立的一般过程与方法的基础上,综述了国内外可持续发展评价指标体系的研究现状,指出以下几个方面有望成为今后可持续发展评价指标体系研究的发展方向:可持续性科学内涵和外延的拓展研究;可持续发展评价指标体系的规范分析研究;减少人为主观因素对综合指数的影响研究;探讨评估综合指数可应用性、透明度和测度准确性的一般方法;可持续发展评价指标体系的应用研究。     

一种城市综合承载力双向复合动态评价方法及实证研究

随着城市的发展,其对资源、生态环境、基础设施、社会经济等各种承载的需求同步增长,单一承载力逐渐无法满足对城市发展可持续状态的综合全面评估.城市综合承载力是社会、经济、环境、资源协调作用和协调程度的具体表征.综合承载力与人口规模、社会经济活动发展带来的压力之间存在动态互动关系,只有承载力和压力维持动态平衡,才能实现城市系统的可持续发展.本文通过构建城市双向复合动态可持续评估方法,量化负向城市压力(UP)和正向城市综合承载力(UCCC)及其二者之间的复合动态关系,结合层次分析法和蒙特卡洛模拟,从经济、资源、社会三方面构建评价指标,综合考虑各影响因素的不确定性和相互作用,实现逐个单点时间城市综合承载力的概率分布模拟,进而通过复合动态关系判断模型实现单个区域单点时间的可持续发展状态的判断.最后,以广州市为例,对所提出方法进行应用.结果表明,2004—2016年,广州市的综合承载力和城市压力相互协调、相互适应,城市发展整体呈可持续状态.但2012年以来资源环境承载力有一定的下降,尤其是水资源承载力和大气环境承载力下降,需要引起重视.     

Developing sustainable products and services

In light of increasing pressures to adopt a more sustainable approach to product design and manufacture, the requirement to develop sustainable products is one of the key challenges facing industry in the 21st century. Hence, the concept of developing sustainable products as well as services is evolving as a key element of Cleaner Production. Sustainable product development initiatives (mainly through eco-design) have been evolving for some time to support companies develop more sustainable products. Ireland has been running the highly successful Environmentally Superior Products (ESP) initiative that supports industrial companies to incorporate a more sustainable approach to the development of products and/or services. The lessons learned from the ESP and other global Sustainable Product and Service Developments in industry and research, are being used to develop a method for effective sustainable product and/or service development (SPSD) in industry. The method is designed to provide pragmatic guidance to business and industry for developing sustainable products and services as well as incorporating this approach within existing corporate strategy, cleaner production and product development systems. This method is being developed by the authors at the Environmental Policy and Management Group (EPMG), Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Imperial College London, UK in conjunction with industry and practitioners. The method provides a framework for implementing SPSD throughout the entire lifecycle of a product and/or service. It can be used to identify, assess and implement the options for optimum sustainability in the design and development of a product and/or service. This paper describes the key features of this method.     

学科视角：环境教育与可持续发展教育对比分析及其启示

环境教育与可持续发展教育不是对立的,而是相互联系的,各有侧重点.环境教育关注的焦点是以自然保护价值为中心,强调看得见的某些环境问题,往往被简单处理为环境问题的研究,从而朝向技术主义的解决途径.可持续发展教育则是对教育进行重新定位和创新,从而有利于促进经济、社会的可持续发展,兼顾了内部和外部的问题.通过搜索国内文献对于环境教育和可持续发展教育的关注度情况,以期能够在各学科教学中更好的融入环境教育和可持续发展教育.     

可持续发展的概念和内涵

可持续发展是目前国内外讨论的一个热点，有关可持续发展的定义也非常之多。本文对近年来有关可持续发展的定义进行了归类，并给予简要的评述，同时对可持续发展的广泛内涵也进行了探讨。     

消费端食物浪费：影响与行动

食物浪费已经成为全球性问题,引发社会各界广泛关注。消费端是造成食物浪费的重要环节,且呈日趋严重的趋势。消费端的食物浪费主要分为家庭食物浪费和在外食物浪费;消费端的食物浪费对国家粮食安全、资源环境、社会经济发展等方面均产生不同的影响;影响消费端食物浪费的重要因素包括社会经济发展水平、文化因素、人口特征、消费者的行为与意识等。目前对消费端食物浪费的研究多采用称重（或估算）和计量模型等方法,仍需要通过发展更合理的量化方法、建立更完整的理论模型、提出更完善的研究方法进行深入探究。此外,减少消费端食物浪费需要从政府、社会、个人等多角度出发,促使多方利益相关者形成合力应对消费端食物浪费问题。     

Ecosystem services in global sustainability policies

Global sustainability policies, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or the Aichi Targets, aim to ensure sustainable development, including improved human well-being and the conservation of nature. Although not yet explicitly used to evaluate the progress towards sustainable development, the ecosystem service concept implies a direct link between biodiversity and human well-being. This study explores how and which ecosystem services are currently considered in the SDGs and the Aichi Targets. We also identify which information might be already available for monitoring the progress towards their goals by reviewing national ecosystem assessments. This allows the identification of the main knowledge gaps for monitoring progress towards these global sustainability targets.There is a wealth of information on all major ecosystem services categories which is directly relevant for the Aichi Targets and the SDGs. The top 25% most cited ecosystem services across both policy documents are: Natural heritage and diversity, Capture fisheries, Aquaculture, Water purification, Crops, Cultural heritage & diversity and Livestock. Most monitoring information recommended for the global sustainability goals, as well as in the information available from national assessments, is biased towards supply related aspects of ecosystem services flows. In contrast, there is much less information on social behaviour, use, demand and governance measures. Indicators are rarely available for all aspects of a specific ecosystem service.The national statistical bureaus currently in charge of providing observations for reporting on SDGs, could be well placed to address this bias, by integrating ecological observations with socio-economic statistics into socio-ecological indicators for ecosystem services flows. IPBES can potentially address the gaps identified in this paper by improving coverage of the different dimensions of ecosystem services flows.