Pollution prevention and industrial transformation Evoking structural changes within companies

Pollution prevention has developed as an attractive method for improving the environmental performance of companies. Often the concept is promoted in a project format, for instance in a regional perspective or for a specific sector of industry. This article analyzes the contribution of pollution prevention projects to the transformation of industry. Different formats that have been carried out in the Netherlands during the last 8 years are evaluated in terms of direct results (implemented measures and their effects) and long-term effects. The main issue in this article is what contribution pollution prevention has in evoking structural changes towards more sustainable behavior in companies. The general conclusion is that pollution prevention is at least potentially a powerful and interesting concept. The current formats used to promote pollution prevention show some serious deficits, especially in failing to elicit a learning process within participating companies. The trend towards the use of quickscans as a prevention method is worrying in this respect. Some recommendations are given to improve future projects.     

铅冶炼污染防治最佳可行技术筛选研究

分析了国外铅冶炼污染防治的相关政策、欧盟铅冶炼污染防治的最佳可行技术和我国铅冶炼技术现状,并应用层次分析-模糊综合评判法对铅冶炼污染防治技术进行筛选,利用层次分析法确定各评价指标的权重,利用模糊综合评判法进行铅冶炼污染防治技术的评价,通过评价提出铅冶炼污染防治的最佳可行技术工艺组合。     

京津冀地区雾霾污染生态补偿标准研究

以京津冀地区雾霾污染作为研究对象,采用京津冀地区2006—2015年雾霾污染的空间面板数据,引入大气污染物减排成本模型,比较了京津冀各地区雾霾污染治理成本高低;继而基于机会成本法,核算了京津冀地区雾霾污染生态补偿标准.结果表明:河北省雾霾治理成本显著低于北京市和天津市,由河北省承担更多的雾霾污染治理任务,能使京津冀地区雾霾污染治理成本达到最小化;在京津冀地区联合治理雾霾污染过程中,河北省因限制工业增长对其经济发展带来负面影响,因此,北京市和天津市应给予河北省相应的生态补偿.最后依据研究结论提出完善区域联防联控机制的政策建议,如成立跨区域联合治理机构,健全雾霾污染生态补偿立法,设立雾霾污染生态补偿专项基金等,以此来促进京津冀地区雾霾污染生态补偿方案顺利实施.     

欧盟重金属污染防治历程及启示

通过综合学习借鉴发达国家不同历史阶段污染防治的历程与积累的经验,有助于我国在比较的视野中正确认识我国重金属污染防治中存在的问题,以及学习借鉴他国的经验教训,探索属于自己的跨越式发展道路,包括污染防治政策制度设计、环境管理经验、各国的协调合作等。     

The Toronto Region Sustainability Program: insights on the adoption of pollution prevention practices by small to medium-sized manufacturers in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA)

The Toronto Region Sustainability Program (TRSP) is a multi-year action-and-results oriented program which provides small to medium-sized manufacturing enterprises (SME) (defined as <500 employees at facility level) in the GTA with pollution prevention (P2) technical assistance, coupled with a financial incentive to address the root causes of their pollutants and waste streams and improve their environmental performance. The program has been successful in establishing partnerships with three orders (levels) of government and a third party delivery agent—the Ontario Centre for Environmental Technology Advancement (OCETA)—to achieve significant reductions in pollutants/waste generation and to promote the implementation of pollution prevention practices within SME manufacturing facilities. This paper shares insights on how the program works and uses case studies as illustrative examples to highlight the P2 methods adopted, the resulting environmental burden reductions, as well as the value-added benefits to the TRSP clients' business bottom line. Furthermore, this paper outlines the findings of a survey conducted by OCETA to identify TRSP clients' key drivers for program participation, their implementation status, and the challenges encountered in implementing P2 projects. It is hoped that the insights from this paper will expand the boundaries of P2 knowledge within the P2 community, and motivate SMEs in various sectors to incorporate P2 as a sustainable business strategy.     

印制电路板清洁生产最佳可行技术以及污染减排研究

印制电路板行业属于高能耗及高污染行业,是我国实施清洁生产污染防治的重要领域。通过对印制电路板行业清洁生产污染防治技术现状进行分析,构建了清洁生产污染防治最佳可行技术(BAT)体系框架。对38家完成清洁生产污染防治技术改造的印制电路板企业进行调研,确定了印制电路板业清洁生产污染防治备选技术,利用层次分析法确定各评价指标权重,综合评价印制电路板行业清洁生产污染防治技术。通过评价提出印制电路板行业污染物减排建议。     

Application of cleaner production technology in chemical industry: a near zero emission

The main objective of this study is to investigate and evaluate opportunities for implementation of pollution prevention and waste minimization in a chemical industrial company producing poly sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde which is used as a super plasticizer for concrete. Environmental problems encountered were mainly the highly polluted wastewater and a semi-solid cake containing considerable amount of the final product. Possible modules for remedial measures and their cost estimation were investigated. The proposed remedial modules included recycling of retained water discharge in filter press, recycling of washing water of reaction vessels (reactors), closed circuit cooling system for high-pressure pump, good housekeeping through control of leakage of raw material, products and water and finally utilization of retained residual product from the solid waste. The implemented pollution control measures proved to be cost effective and have short payback periods. Also, minimization of the hydraulic and organic loads in the final effluent was achieved.     

地下水饮用水源地分级分区防控对策研究

地下水饮用水源的污染严重,对人类的各方面造成严重的影响。加大地下水环境防控力度,对解决中国地下水环境和人类生存问题具有现实的指导意义。分析地下水主要环境问题及目前防控政策现状,弥补当前地下水分级分区防控措施的缺点,改善划分方法,提出了利用层次分析法与主成分分析法相结合的方法对地下水饮用水源地进行污染源风险等级评价,根据风险等级形成三级防控体系,以及对地下水饮用水源地进行三级防护区划分的建议与构想。     

中国土壤污染防治管理体系思考

对中国土壤污染防治管理体系法律、法规、规范性文件及标准体系等进行了总结和分析,得出中国现行土壤污染防治管理体系存在执法依据空缺、系统性缺乏、可操作性差和协调性弱等问题.在此基础上,对中国土壤污染防治管理体系提出改善建议,如加快立法进度,土壤污染防治法需考虑与其他环境要素保护法律之间的衔接,明确各方责任,完善土壤标准体系等.尽快完善中国土壤污染防治管理体系,为中国土壤污染防治工作提供有力的法律保障.     

Seeking operational flexibility and pollution prevention under Title V of the Clean Air Act: EPA''s P4 program

Title V of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 require thousands of major industrial sources of air pollution to seek operating permits from local or state authorities. The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Pollution Prevention in Permitting Program (P4), begun in 1993 under Title V, seeks to encourage, through a structured process of permit negotiations, the technological innovations required to achieve pollution prevention. A close look at three such negotiations, involving Intel, Lasco Bathware, and Cytec Industries, reveals that P4 did, indeed, push firms to pursue pollution prevention more aggressively and achieved a better balance between the concerns of EPA and state regulators and the interests of the regulated companies than might otherwise have been achieved. Whether the negotiated permitting process also led to greater levels of pollution prevention than might otherwise have been achieved, however, it is not possible to say.     

日本企业实行严格自主环境管理的原因及其对中国的启示

分析了日本企业实行严格自主环境管理的原因，认为市民环境意识的提高和严格的法律制度对企业治理污染形成了强大的外部压力；高额的排污收费标准促使企业不断降低污染物排放浓度；公害防治资金支援和税收优惠政策鼓励企业加强污染治理；消费者选择环境友好型产品促使企业追求严格的自主环境管理：出口型经济迫使日本企业采取严格环境标准以避免绿色贸易壁垒。结合我国国情，提出加强我国企业环境管理需要完善的政策和措施；提高公民环境意识，扩展公民环境权益；提高排污收费标准，筹集污染治理资金；加强行政执法力度，为企业创造公平的竞争环境；完善企业污染治理的资金和税收优惠政策；借鉴日本企业“公害防治管理员制度”，培养污染治理人才。     

Pollution prevention of cotton-cone reactive dyeing

Because textile industry is the second largest industry in Egypt and as small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) make up a great proportion of the total industry therein, it is desirable to attempt to decrease the pollution resulting from them for both economical and environmental advantages. In this regard a case was investigated which dealt with pollution prevention of cotton-cone reactive dyeing by several options, namely: dye reduction, soda ash minimization, acid substitution and finally their integration. Based on criteria such as product quality, effluent analysis, material balance, heat balance as well as cost estimation, the integrated process was found to be the most favorable that lead to cost saving of one million EGP per year.     

港湾快速城市化地区河流水质主控因子识别及调控方案

识别快速城市化地区的河流污染的主控因子,对于科学实施河流污染防治调控及实现区域经济又好又快发展具有积极意义。运用流量校准浓度分析法、多元逐步回归分析相结合的方法识别连云港港湾快速城市化地区影响水质变化的主控因子,可准确把握该类区域河流污染趋势及主导原因,进而提出相应的优选调控方案。     

电力工程地下水环境影响评价方法研究

文章根据从事电力工程地下水环境影响评价的方法,介绍了电力工程地下水评价,探讨了电力工程地下水评价等级的评价,分析了前电力工程地下水环境影响评价实践中存在的技术问题,对地下水评价过程中的评价等级划分、项目所在区地质环境现状调查、水文地质试验及参数计算、地下水污染源确定及影响预测、污染防治措施的确定等方面构建出电力工程地下水环境影响评价的整体框架,提出了地下水环境影响评价的整体思路,并以完成审批的电力工程为例进行了分析和探讨.     

建立完善中国船舶污染防治法规体系的必要性及建议

完善的船舶污染防治法规是搞好中国船舶污染防治工作的基础，但中国现有船舶污染防治法规还存在着各部分发展不平衡、法规不健全等问题。要完善中国船舶污染防治法规，必须以体系的观点对现有船舶污染防治法规进行审视，把其建设成为一套有别于其它污染防治法规的完善的、相对独立的体系。文中就此展开论述并提出了相应的建议。     

清洁生产是防治化学工业污染的有效途径

叙述了少废无废的清洁生产的概念和内容，以及它在化学工业中的实施途径，指出工业污染控制必须从末端治理为主，转移到污染预防为重点的战略上来。无废少废的清洁生产是防治化学工业污染的有效途径，是谋求合理利用资源和保护环境的根本措施。     

Advanced process systems design technology for pollution prevention and waste treatment

The paper presents a generic process synthesis and optimisation tool suitable to take up applications in the design of waste treatment systems and in pollution prevention. The main component of the technology is a generalized process synthesis representation for simultaneous consideration of reaction and separation in multiphase systems that is amenable for stochastic optimisation. The flexibility of the representation allows applications to overall process synthesis problems as well as to decomposed reactor, reactive separation and mass exchange network design problems. Applications of the synthesis framework to waste water treatments processes using activated sludge and to natural gas sweetening in hybrid membrane-adsorption processes are presented. The paper highlights the use of the systematic technology in environmental systems design and shows how novel designs of improved performance as well as optimal design knowledge can be revealed using the systematic design framework. Context abstract: Environmental process systems for waste treatment and pollution prevention become increasingly complicated to design. There is a strong need for technology that provides systematic decision support to the process synthesis team in order to enable the timely selection of processes that operate close to the performance limits of the system under consideration. Conventional, optimisation-based process design technology is severely limited by the number of design decisions they can support simultaneously as well as by the increasingly complex process models required for the meaningful mathematical representation of environmental process systems. We have devised an optimisation-based process design methodology for integrated reaction and separation systems that overcomes major limitations of existing tools. This paper illustrates the use of this technology to provide systematic decision-support to the environmental process systems designer.     

The experiences of four corporate officials managing compliance with the Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act

The Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act (TURA), one of the original pollution prevention laws, has faced repeated repeal attempts and budget cuts. Yet the Massachusetts toxics use data and other analyses have provided firm indications that the law has actually worked. Though the program has survived it is notable that an approach that both saves money and reduces pollution has been reduced and not expanded. This paper does not attempt to answer the question of why the strategies of TURA have not seen wider application, but offers four stories to illustrate what happens when they are properly applied. The experience of corporate officials who had to comply with TURA, related at a symposium on the occasion of the law’s 20th anniversary, shed light on how a strong pollution prevention law can benefit regulated companies as well as the environment and worker and public health, and provide suggestions, in addition to data and surveys, that TURA-like sets of governance tools should receive wider consideration.     

大学生环境法律知识与意识调查及分析——以广州大学为例

环境法不仅对防治环境污染、改善环境质量、促进可持续发展起着重要的作用,也可以保障、维护公民的环境权不受侵害,有其重要性和必要性。通过问卷调查的形式对广州大学学生的环境法律知识、意识等进行了现状调查,运用SPSS对数据进行统计处理。研究结果表明：广州大学学生的环境法律知识水平及环境法律意识都有待提高,其水平与意识高低,认为与学生的专业背景、知识储备、学习态度、相关知识学习难度以及学校环境教育中的环境法律的程度等原因有关。同时,在此基础上提出了相应对策,为大学环境法律教育提供参考。     

京津冀典型区域地下水污染风险评价方法研究

地下水污染风险评价是开展京津冀地区地下水污染防控工作的基础,对于保障京津冀地下水环境安全至关重要.为了有针对性地开展京津冀地区地下水污染防控工作,以京津冀地区内某典型区域为研究区,提出了一种基于HYDRUS-2D软件的地下水污染风险评价方法,并以研究区内特征污染物硝酸盐为对象进行地下水污染风险评价.结果表明:①研究区内地下水污染荷载主要受垃圾填埋场分布影响,其次为工业源和农业面源;②包气带结构类型不变的情况下,污染源荷载的变化只会导致进入含水层中的污染物浓度不同,不会改变包气带硝酸盐折减系数;③污染源类型、包气带介质岩性及厚度是造成研究区内地下水硝酸盐污染风险评价存在差异的主要原因.研究显示,采用基于HYDRUS-2D软件的地下水污染风险评价方法,能够有效地降低地下水污染评价过程中的主观性,对于确定京津冀地区地下水污染重点防控区域,提高地下水环境管理水平具有重要的参考价值.