莱籽油油脚—皂脚复合裂解清洁工艺研究

提出了菜籽油油脚－皂脚“水解－醇解，皂化”复合裂解清洁工艺。脂基裂解率９８％，脂肪酸得率９６％，芥酸纯率９５％。由油脂化工热力学，动力学的理论，实践和极差分析，方差分析得到油脚－皂脚基裂解率，脂肪酸得率各主要影响因素的重要性顺序，显著性水平和最佳工艺条件。     

菜籽油油脚-皂脚复合裂解清洁工艺研究

提出菜籽油油脚-皂脚“水解-醇解、皂化”复合裂解清洁工艺。脂基裂解率98%,脂肪酸得率96%,芥酸纯率95%。由油脂化工热力学、动力学的理论.实践和极差分析.方差分析得到油脚-皂脚基裂解率、脂肪酸得率各主要影响因素的重要性顺序、显著性水平和最佳工艺条件。     

菜籽油油脚——皂脚中脂肪酸提取和分离清洁工艺研究

针对实际需求，采用酸化水解，蒸馏一次提取和分离，以及酯化，皂化、酸化、蒸馏二次提取油脚－皂脚中脂肪酸，并用溶剂结晶法提纯分离精芥酸，是一项植物油厂综合利用油脚－皂脚，提高经济效益，减轻污染的清洁工艺开发研究，所提取的芥酸收率高，纯度高，通过正交实验成果的极差分析，得到影响脂肪酸收率因素的主次顺序及较佳的水平条件。     

其他

X799.3 200403489 餐饮业废油脂皂化工艺的探索/邓琪(暨南大学生命科学与技术学院)…//环境污染治理技术与设备/中科院生态环境研究中心.-2004,5(2).-38 -41 环图X-4 研究了废油脂的皂化方法和皂化机理。通过红外光谱分析废油脂皂化样品,对皂化度的影响因素进行了讨论。摸索出最佳皂化工艺条件:皂化时间4h,皂化温度100℃,碱液用量(NaOH与废油脂的质量比)1:2,皂化用NaOH碱液浓度为30%。图6参8     

清洁生产制工艺的研究

研究了在无水环境下，利用低级醇与甘油酯的酯交换反应，生成脂肪酸酯和甘油，然后将脂肪酸酯化的二步法制工艺。在实验室条件下，利用本工艺研制成黄白色肥皂粉末，产率为98％；甘油的回收率为8％（重量比）；醇的一次循环蒸出率为85％，本工艺将反应过程缩短为1～2h，大大节省了能源，符合绿色设计的要求。     

糠醛生产废渣直接转化为复合肥—添加剂(Ⅰ)配方与蒸馏条件的研究

 采用复合添加剂（I），以稻草（或麦杆）为原料，用硫酸酸化水解制糠醛，研究了复合添加剂（I）各成分的含量和添加量以及蒸馏条件对渣酸度的影响．结果表明，以20％（wt/wt,%）硫酸，液固比为3∶1～4∶1（wt/wt），复合添加h们）与原料的比为02：1〔WVWt），添加剂（I）配方为：磷酸钙7％，磷酸和重钙5％－10％，亚硫酸氢钠和碳酸钙3％－5％，助剂（III）5％－10％；蒸馏温度110～130℃，时间2.5～3.0h，出醛率可达理论量的80％以上，废渣全部转化为中性复合肥.     

加热和鼠李糖脂预处理促进剩余污泥厌氧发酵积累短链脂肪酸

短链挥发性脂肪酸（volatile fatty acids,VFA）,如乙酸和丙酸,是高碳氮比海水养殖废水处理时更易利用的碳源,对剩余污泥进行恰当预处理是其后续厌氧发酵获得优质短链脂肪酸的关键.本研究分别运用加热水解和鼠李糖脂水解对剩余污泥进行预处理,继而厌氧发酵,通过检测溶解性有机质（SCOD、多糖和蛋白）、胞内水解酶活性、短链VFA以及氨氮等指标特征,探究预处理技术对短链脂肪酸尤其是乙酸和丙酸单位产量的影响.结果表明,65℃、2 h加热水解预处理能促进污泥中VFA的溶出和发酵过程中碳源的转化,剩余污泥厌氧发酵3 d时,产生的VFA是无预处理组的2倍,乙酸是优势产物;鼠李糖脂水解的剩余污泥,发酵8 d时产生的VFA是无预处理的4倍,丙酸是优势产物.相比丙酸而言,乙酸是反硝化脱氮、微生物燃料电池（MFC）更好的碳源.因此,从VFA组成类型、发酵时间以及应用的可行性等考量,加热水解是一种相对经济可行的促进剩余污泥发酵制取优质脂肪酸的预处理方式.     

熔融-水热法合成粉煤灰沸石及其吸附性能研究

以粉煤灰为原料，研究了在熔融温度分别为300℃、400℃、500℃，熔融时间分别为1h、2h、3h，水热温度分别为45℃、65℃、85℃，水热时间分别为6h、8h、10h，对合成粉煤灰沸石（FZ）吸附性能的影响。结果表明熔融温度为300℃，熔融保温时间为1h，水热温度为65℃，水热保温时间为6h，产物中有类沸石生成。熔融-水热合成Fz对Cd^2＋吸附率为99．82％，吸附量为0．19964mg／g，略高于活性炭（吸附率99．69％）优于天然沸石（吸附率97．94％）。     

制衣废水处理工程的工艺设计及调试

采用混凝沉淀-水解酸化-二级接触氧化工艺处理东莞某制衣公司废水。运行结果表明,在pH调节为7～7．5,某混凝剂投加量为20mg／L,水解酸化停留时间为6h,有机负荷为1．5kgBOD5／（m^3．d）时,COD、BOD5和色度的平均去除率分别为86％、92％YO90％,出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》（688978—1996）二级标准。给出了混凝加药单元及接触氧化池单元的调试方法,并对可能出现的问题提出了解决的措施。     

厌氧水解－好氧两段SBR处理焦化废水的研究

焦化废水含有毒物质多,生物降解性能差,对环境危害大。实验采用厌氧水解（酸化）－好氧（高效复合菌＋活性污泥）工艺处理焦化废水,进水COD、BOD5浓度分别为：698．13mg／l、232．0mg／l,经12h厌氧水解、18h好氧曝气后出水COD、BOD,浓度分别为136．93mg／1、39．3mg／l,NH3一N的去除率为68．37％。出水COD、BOD,满足《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978－96）中的排放要求。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.