白腐真菌批式发酵动力学模型研究

为了进一步认识白腐真菌发酵产酶机理并指导相关发酵工艺设计,在一系列试验研究的基础上,建立了描述黄孢原毛平革菌批式发酵过程的动力学模型,并采用自由悬浮和固定化2种培养条件下的试验数据分别回归了模型各参数.模拟计算结果表明,生物量、葡萄糖、氨氮、木质素酶浓度的的计算值与实测值的偏差在15%以内.对比2种培养条件下的模型参数发现,二者得到的最大生物量浓度均为1.78 g/L;固定化培养菌体的比增长速率值(0.668 3 d-1)大于自由悬浮培养值(0.514 4d-1);自由悬浮培养中绝大部分葡萄糖消耗于非生长菌体代谢,固定化培养中则部分葡萄糖用于菌体生长,且氨氮消耗更快;菌体的产酶过程与生长无关;自由悬浮培养条件下,菌丝小球可合成MnP(231 U/L),其MnP合成能力为115.8 U·(g·d)-1,且高峰后依然可以保持26.1 U·(g·d)-1,适合采用补料-分批发酵的模式提高MnP的产量及其发酵效率;固定化培养条件下,菌体可同时合成MnP(410 U/L)和LiP(721 U/L),但其LiP和MnP合成能力在酶活高峰之后明显下降,分别由248.9 U·(g·d)-1和80.1 U·(g·d)-1下降到0 U·(g·d)-1和6.04 U·(g·d)-1,故而在考虑补料-分批发酵模式时,补料时机应选择在培养中期的LiP与MnP峰值之前.     

原生质体紫外诱变提高简青霉的木质素降解性能

以简青霉Penicillium simplicissimum (Oudem.) Thom BGA为出发菌株,对其进行原生质体紫外诱变.经过筛选获得2株诱变菌株(J12与J18),它们的木质素降解酶酶活要明显高于出发菌株J.其中诱变菌株J12产生的漆酶和锰过氧化物酶酶活较高,相对于出发菌株J分别提高了145%和47%,达到44.0,50.9 U/g.诱变菌株J18产生的木质素过氧化物酶酶活较高,达到67.1 U/g,相对于出发菌株J提高了40%.且木质素降解率也最高,相对于出发菌株J分别提高了198.1%.经过7次传代, J12和J18的木质素降解酶活性保持稳定,没有降低.     

嗜碱细菌复合碳源条件下对麦草木质素的降解

在碱性液体培养条件下(pH≈10.5), 研究复合碳源共代谢最佳综合条件下嗜碱性木质素降解细菌6号菌株产酶、降解能力及菌株的生长状况.结果显示,虫漆酶(Laccase)在培养的第4天酶活达到最高值2915.37U/L、锰依赖过氧化物酶(MnP)在培养的第8天酶活达到最高值1152.88U/L,培养10d麦草中木质素降解49.84%.同时通过扫描电镜分析探讨了6号菌株降解木质素的微观过程,证明了6号菌株优先降解木质素的特性和降解方式.     

藜芦醇对LiP催化降解双酚A的影响研究

藜芦醇(veratryl alcohol,VA)作为木质素过氧化物酶的天然底物,在木质素过氧化物酶(lignin peroxidase,LiP)催化降解双酚A的过程中扮演着重要的角色。该研究考察了其对木质素过氧化物酶催化去除双酚A的影响,结果表明,在过氧化氢存在条件下,VA能有效提高LiP催化去除双酚A的催化效率,且当VA浓度为10 mmol/L时降解效果达到最佳。当LiP部分或全部失活时再向溶液中加入VA试剂,VA能使处于半失活状态的酶在一定时间后恢复活性,VA溶液的浓度越高,酶活恢复得就越好。     

处理秸秆纤维素乙醇废水的东北土著白腐真菌筛选及特性研究

为了提高秸秆纤维素乙醇废水的处理效果,选择6种东北土著白腐真菌,对2%的秸秆纤维素乙醇废水中木质素进行降解处理.采用正交试验法对筛选出的高效降解菌进行产漆酶培养基的优化.结果表明:6种白腐真菌最高酶活大小顺序为青顶拟多孔菌>血红密孔菌>糙皮侧耳菌>彩绒革盖菌>烟色烟管菌>灵芝;血红密孔菌、糙皮侧耳菌、彩绒革盖菌、青顶拟多孔菌、灵芝、烟色烟管菌在第0天起始质量浓度为640.9~716.6 mg/L,在第14天木质素的质量浓度分别为434.0、411.2、441.8、441.7、533.3、503.5 mg/L,对木质素的去除率分别为37.1%、37.0%、31.8%、31.7%、25.6%、21.4%,并分别在第12、12、4、4、2、6天木质素降解趋于平稳,表明降解效果最好的菌种为血红密孔菌.血红密孔菌产漆酶培养基最优组合方案:最佳碳源为锯末,质量浓度为35 g/L;最佳氮源为蛋白胨,质量浓度为4 g/L;最佳pH为5.极差分析表明,各因素对血红密孔菌产漆酶的影响顺序为碳源>氮源> pH >氮源质量浓度>碳源质量浓度.在最佳培养基条件下,废水中木质素降解率达41.1%.研究显示,血红密孔菌可以作为生物法处理秸秆纤维素乙醇废水的菌种资源,也可为今后的进一步应用研究提供科学依据.      

白腐真菌培养条件对其分泌木质素降解酶的影响

应用摇瓶试验研究了不同白腐真菌培养条件对其产酶的影响.通过控制不同转速、投加载体等方式考察了白腐真菌的产酶情况.结果表明,在悬浮培养方式下,转速为160r/min时获得的锰过氧化物酶最高(481.6U/L),其酶活是静置、120r/min条件下培养的65倍和43倍;投加载体后,载体固定化培养获得的木质素过氧化物酶酶活是悬浮培养的71倍,载体投加量对其产酶影响很大,只有当载体处于非浸没状态时才有利于酶活产生,否则酶活极低.因此,选择载体固定化—非浸没—振荡培养方式培养白腐真菌可获得更高的产酶量和酶活.     

羟基致死船舶压载水微生物的生化影响研究

试验表明羟基比值浓度达到0．63mg／L左右时，足以杀死压载水微生物。在此浓度下也会引起微生物的糖、脂质、蛋白质、核酸、酶等发生强烈的化学反应。脂质过氧化物含量上升为原来的3倍；总蛋白质减少了33．4％；核酸中RNA、DNA分别减少了46．9％、77．0％；葡萄糖却增加了1倍，羟基破坏了多糖，使之降解为单糖；过氧化物酶含量减少了21．9％；超氧化物歧化酶减少了54．2％；分离微生物后海水中过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶分别减少了83．1％、33．2％，上述生化试验资料清楚表明了羟基对微生物三大基本分子(核酸、蛋白质、葡萄糖)、抗氧化酶系(过氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶)以及脂质均有强烈的破坏作用，这也是致死压载水微生物的主要原因。     

反胶束体系中漆酶催化愈创木酚的研究

采用4种不同属性类型的表面活性剂(CTAB,Tween-80, AOT以及鼠李糖脂)构建反胶束体系,以木质素模式物愈创木酚为底物,研究了漆酶在反胶束环境中催化愈创木酚的特性,通过对不同反胶束环境中漆酶酶活的对比,确定在4种反胶束体系中,适合酶解反应的最佳表面活性剂浓度和对应的最佳含水率w0.分别为:CTAB浓度20mmol/L,w0=20;Tween 80浓度50mmol/L,w0=25;AOT浓度30mmol/L,w0=10;鼠李糖脂浓度10mmol/L,w0=30.并考察了表面活性剂类型属性对愈创木酚在反胶束体系中酶解行为的影响和底物动力学.结果表明,最佳表面活性剂浓度以及对应的最适含水率条件下,阴离子表面活性剂AOT和鼠李糖脂的反胶束体系中愈创木酚底物的催化效果较好,鼠李糖脂反胶束体系中底物的催化率最高,反应6h后分别比 CTAB、Tween-80以及AOT反胶束体系中的转化率高44.12%、34.6%、29.43%.     

葡萄糖补料对白腐真菌P.chrysosporium产木质素降解酶的影响

为了提高木质素降解酶的产量,采用氮限制培养基(C/N=56.0/8.8),研究了葡萄糖补料对P.chrysosporium产木质素降解酶的影响.结果表明,在培养第1d即接种24h后进行葡萄糖补料,可以刺激菌丝体的生长和产酶,补料浓度达到2g·L-1时,补料体系中的MnP酶活可提高至空白对照样(不进行补料)的2.5倍.同时,对葡萄糖分批补料方式进行的试验结果显示,培养过程中每24h进行1次补料,葡萄糖补料终浓度为1.5g·L-1的补料方式,与每48h的补料方式相比,产酶效果更好.MnP酶活峰值和达到峰值时酶的总产量可提高至空白对照样(不进行补料)的2.7倍和3.0倍,且酶活能够在200U·L-1以上稳定4d.实验结果说明,葡萄糖补料可以有效刺激白腐真菌产酶,且连续低浓度葡萄糖补料可获得较优的产酶效果.     

简青霉(Penicillium simplicissimum)对木质纤维素的降解及相关酶活性特征

简青霉[Penicillium simplicissimum(Oudem.)Thom BGA]能分泌木质纤维素降解酶,其中半纤维素酶、纤维素酶、木质素过氧化物酶、锰过氧化酶和漆酶的最大酶活分别为146.82 Iu·g-1、2.78 U·g-1、47.97 U·g-1、34.56 U·g-1和17.94 U·g-1.实验结果和SPSS统计分析表明,简青霉产木质纤维素酶的能力与木质纤维素的结构有很大的关系,其对木质纤维素的降解可能是几种木质纤维素酶之间协同作用的结果.在30 d的固态发酵中,半纤维素含量与发酵天数呈显著负相关(r=-0.946,P<0.01),纤维素与木质素的降解趋势呈显著负相关(r=-0.818,P<0.05).木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶在降解木质素的同时对半纤维素和纤维素进行协同降解,是非选择性的木质素降解酶.木质素过氧化物酶、锰过氧化物酶与纤维素酶之间呈显著相关(相关性依次为r=0.922,P<0.01;r=0.807,P<0.05).研究还发现生物吸附在简青霉对液态碱木质素的去除中起到了非常重要的作用.     

Effect of nitrogen concentration in culture mediums on growth and enzyme production of Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Effect of different nitrogen concentration in the mediums on growth and enzyme production of Phanerochaete chrysosporium was studied when glucose concentration was l0 g/L. The results showed that the medium contained 0.8 g/L ammonium tartrate is the best. It not only supply abundant nutrients for the growth of Phanerochaete chrysospodum, which make mycelia the best grow compared with the other medium, but also produce higher manganese-dependent peroxidase(Mnp) and laccase(Lac) activity. In addition, it is observed that the variation of mycelia surface is related to ligninolytic enzyme secreted by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. When the surface of mycelium pellets appeared burs, it predicts secondary metabolism begin. This experimentation demonstrated that when the ratio of carbon and nitrogen in nitrogen limited medium is equal to 100:8, growth and enzyme production of Phanerochaete chrysosporium is the best, it could achieve the maximum Mnp and Lac activity.     

Effects of culture conditions on ligninolytic enzymes and protease production by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in air

The production of ligninolytic enzymes and protease by Phanerochaete chrysosporium was investigated under different culture conditions. Different amounts of medium were employed in free and immobilized culture, together with two kinds of medium with different C/N ratios. Little lignin peroxidase （LIP） （〈 2 U/L） was detected in free culture with nitrogen-limited medium （C/N ratio： 56/2.2, in mmol/L）, while manganese peroxidase （MnP） maximum activity was 231 and 240 U/L in 50 and 100 ml medium culture, respectively. Immobilized culture with 50 ml nitrogen-limited medium gave the highest MnP and LiP production with the maximum values of 410 and 721 U/L separately on the day 5; however, flasks containing 100 ml nitrogen-limited medium only produced less MnP with a peak value of 290 U/L. Comparatively, carbon-limited medium （C/N ratio： 28/44, in mmol/L） was adopted in culture but produced little MnP and LiE Medium type had the greatest impact on protease production. Large amount of protease was produced due to glucose limitation. Culture type and medium volume influence protease activity corporately by affecting oxygen supply. The results implied shallow immobilized culture was a possible way to gain high production of ligninolytic enzymes.     

Biodecoloration of Reactive Black 5 by the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii MM 4035

Azo dyes are extensively used in textile dyeing and other industries. Effluents of dying industries are specially colored and could cause severe damage to the environment. The anaerobic treatment of textile dying effluents is nowadays the preferred option, but it could generate carcinogenic aromatic amines. Recently, yeasts have become a promising alternative, combining unicellular growth with oxidative mechanisms. This work reports the characterization of the first methylotrophic yeast with dye decolorizing ability, Candida boidinii MM 4035 and some insights into its decoloration mechanism. The analysis of two selected media revealed a possible two stages mechanism of Reactive Black 5 decoloration. In glucose poor media, decoloration is incomplete and only the first stage proceeds, leading to the accumulation of a purple compound. In media with higher glucose concentrations, the yeast is able to decolorize totally an initial concentration of 200 mg/L. The entire process is co-metabolic, being largely dependent on glucose concentration but being able to proceed with several nitrogen sources. Manganese dependent peroxidase but not laccase activity could be detected during decoloration. Aromatic amines do not accumulate in culture media, supporting an oxidative decoloration mechanism of unknown ecophysiological relevance.     

Effects of butachlor on microbial enzyme activities in paddy soil

This paper reports the influences of the herbicide butachlor(n-butoxymethl-chloro-2‘,6‘-diethylacetnilide)on microbial respiration,nitrogen fixation and nitrification,and on the activities of dehydrogenase and hydrogen peroxidase in paddy soil.The results showed that after application of butachlor with concentrations of 5.5μg/g dried soil,11.0μg/g dried soil and 22.0μg/g dried soil,the application of butachlor enhanced the activity of dehydrogenase at increasing concentrations.The soil dehydrogenase showed the highest activity on the 16th day after application of 22.0μg/g dried soil of butachlor.The hydrogen peroxidase could be stimulated by cutachlor.The soil respiration was depressed within a period from several days to more than 20 days,depending on concentrations of butachlor applied.Both the nitrogen fixation and nitrification were stimulated in the beginning but reduced greatly afterwards in paddy soil.     

好氧反硝化菌Bacillus sp. H2脱氮特性研究

文章从碳源、碳氮比、pH、温度及投菌浓度5个方面对好氧反硝化芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp.H2进行脱氮特性的研究.研究结果表明,以葡萄糖、乳糖作为碳源时,菌株Bacillus sp.H2的好氧反硝化效率要显著高于以乙醇、酒石酸钾钠、丁二酸钠、醋酸钠作为碳源时的效率,且葡萄糖略高于乳糖;当C/N≥6(质量比)时可进行完...     

附着物对菹草光合作用速率的抑制效应

年5月对白洋淀不同营养水平的8个区域进行现场调查,研究了菹草(Potamogeton crispus)附着物的生物量(以w计)与营养盐水平的关系及其对菹草光合作用速率的影响. 结果表明,随着ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)的增加,菹草上附着物的生物量、w(Chla)和净初级生产力逐渐升高,在营养盐水平较高的王家寨〔ρ(TN)为6.074mg/L,ρ(TP)为0.161mg/L〕达到高峰,附着物的生物量为0.073~0.384mg/g,w(Chla)为0.019~0.112 mg/g,净初级生产力为0.007~0.154mg/(g·h). 附着物对菹草的光合作用速率产生明显的抑制作用,并且随着附着物生物量的增加,抑制作用明显增强,在营养水平较高的王家寨,抑制率可达72%;南刘庄和端村次之,抑制率分别为64%和55%;而在营养水平较低的光淀,抑制率仅为11%. 初步推测附着物对菹草的光合作用的影响可能源于附着物的遮荫作用.      

漆酶改性玉米秸秆髓的制备及其吸油特性

采用绿色生物酶技术改性玉米秸秆髓（CSP）,在CSP表面由漆酶催化接枝十八胺,以提高材料的亲油疏水性能,制得高效吸油剂LCSP.研究了改性温度、改性时间、TEMPO浓度、漆酶用量及十八胺浓度等因素对LCSP亲油疏水性能的影响,同时采用SEM、BET、XRD、接触角、FTIR、XPS等分析技术对改性前后CSP理化特性进行表征,并进行了吸油研究.结果表明,在35℃下,投加100U/g的漆酶、4.48mmol/LTEMPO、8.91mmol/L十八胺,改性CSP6h,制得的材料吸油量最大、吸水量最小,油吸附量从13.24g/g提升至40.82g/g,水吸附量从13.76g/g降至3.83g/g.吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,吸附剂的重复利用实验表明本方法制备的材料具有良好回收再利用能力.     

平菇漆酶对不同重金属胁迫的响应

平菇是一种重要的白腐真菌,可以合成包括漆酶在内的多种木质素纤维素降解酶. 以平菇(ACCC 52857)为材料,通过在培养基中分别添加不同浓度的重金属离子(Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+),考察菌体生长及培养基中漆酶活性的变化情况,并利用非变性聚丙烯酰胺电泳检测不同重金属离子对平菇漆酶同工酶(Lacc2和Lacc10)活性的影响. 结果表明:在培养基中添加Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+对平菇漆酶活性均有不同程度的增强作用. 培养至第9天时,对照组漆酶活性达到最大值,为(565.6±5.2)nkat/mL;而添加重金属离子的各组漆酶活性仍在上升,Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+分别以终浓度为3 000、2 000、150 μmol/L时对漆酶活性的增强作用最大,培养至第20天、第15天、第17天时,漆酶活性达到最大值,分别为(8 612.1±840.0)、(2 204.0±347.0)、(2 928.0±217.7)nkat/mL. 非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果显示,3种重金属离子对液体培养条件下Lacc2和Lacc10这2种漆酶同工酶活性的影响不同. 培养基中较高c(Cu2+)可以显著增加Lacc10活性;随着c(Pb2+)的升高,Lacc2活性升高;随着c(Cd2+)不断增加,Lacc2活性略有降低,但Lacc10活性逐渐增加. 研究结果有助于进一步解释漆酶的生理功能和漆酶基因的表达调控机制.      

Influence of glucose feeding on the ligninolytic enzyme production of the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The present work studied the influence of glucose feeding on the ligninolytic enzyme production of Phanerochaete chrysosporium in a nitrogen-limited (C/N ratio is 56/8.8 mmol/L) medium. Several sets of shaking flask experiments were conducted. The results showed that 2 g/L glucose feeding on the first day of the culture (24 h after the inoculation) simulated both fungal biomass growth and enzyme production. The manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity was 2.5 times greater than that produced in cultures without glucose feeding. Furthermore, the glucose feeding mode in fed-batch culture was also investigated. Compared to cultures with glucose feeding every 48 h, cultures with glucose feeding of 1.5 g/L (final concentration) every 24 h produced more enzymes. The peak and total yield of MnP activity were 2.7 and 3 times greater compared to the contrast culture, respectively, and the enzyme was kept stable for 4 days with an activity of over 200 U/L. Translated from Acta Scientise Circumstantiae, 2007, 27(3): 363–368 [译自: 环境科学学报]