真菌WZ-Ⅰ对有机磷杀虫剂毒死蜱的酶促降解

从高效降解真菌镰孢霉属WZ-Ⅰ(Fusarium LK.ex Fx)中提取了降解酶,研究了该降解酶的分离条件及对毒死蜱的降解特性,研究表明,其胞内酶对毒死蜱的降解率高达60.8%,细胞碎片对毒死蜱的降解率为48%,但由(NH₄)₂SO₄沉淀提取的胞外酶液对毒死蜱的降解率仅为11.3%,经8次非诱导条件下培养提取粗酶液,酶活力损失较少,判断WZ-Ⅰ菌株的毒死蜱降解酶为胞内酶且属于组成酶.以牛血清白蛋白为标准蛋白测得粗提酶中可溶性蛋白的含量为3.36mg·mL^-1;该酶对毒死蜱的酶促降解最适pH为6.8,在pH 6.0～9.0之间都有较高的活性;最适温度为40℃,在实验温度范围(20～50℃)内该降解酶均具有较好的降解活性,但在55℃时,酶活迅速降低,降低到最高酶活力的41%.测得粗提酶中其米氏常数K_m为1.049 26mmol·L^-1,v_max为0.253 5μmol·(mg·min)^-1.研究结果表明该酶具有较好的热稳定性和pH稳定性,对热和pH均具有较好的耐受力,高效降解真菌WZ-Ⅰ所产生的胞内酶对毒死蜱具有较好的降解效果.     

莠去津降解菌HB-5的最佳产酶培养基及发酵条件

从农药厂废水中分离到一株降解莠去滓的节杆菌(Arthrobacter sp.)HB-5,以从该菌中提取到的降解酶对莠去津的降解率为指标,进行最佳产酶培养基及发酵条件的优化研究,对其产酶量进行了评价.通过正交试验和均匀试验,对细菌HB-5的发酵培养基进行了优化研究.运用SAS软件进行结果分析,所获优化培养基配方为:蔗糖3.0g·L-1,莠去津0.38g·L-1,K2HPO40.5g·L-1,KH2PO41.2 g·L-1,MgSO4·7H2O 1.2g·L-1,NaCl 0.1g·L-1,微量元素溶液3.8mL·L-1.得到菌株培养的最佳优化条件为:菌株发酵液培养时间为48h.接种量为2%,发酵液初始pH值为9,250mL三角瓶中装液量为80mL经优化后,降解酶对莠去津的降解率(91.64%)比原培养基(40.67%)提高了125%.     

壬基酚降解酶的提取及其活性研究

壬基酚(NP)是一种环境内分泌干扰物,具有毒性、雌激素和致癌作用,因此如何消除NP已成为近年来国内外研究的热点。以壬基酚降解菌Serratia sp.LJ为实验材料,分别用乙醇、丙酮和盐析3种沉淀方法对其降解酶进行提取,并对所提取粗酶的最适pH、最适温度及稳定性进行了初步探讨。实验结果表明,丙酮沉淀法得到的壬基酚降解酶比酶活最高,回收率为53.2%;壬基酚降解酶的特性研究表明,该酶最适反应温度为35℃,最适pH为6.5,当温度在30～50℃、pH在6.0～8.0之间时,酶活稳定。     

Delftia sp.T3-6菌株及其粗酶液对2’，6’-甲乙基-2-氯乙酰苯胺的降解

研究了Delftia sp.T3-6菌株对2',6'-甲乙基-2-氯乙酰苯胺(CMEPA)的降解特性,以及该菌株胞内酶对CMEPA的酶促特性.结果表明,菌株T3-6对CMEPA有很好的降解性能.反应12 h内,随着CMEPA浓度的增加,反应速度加快;当CMEPA浓度达到500 mg·L-1时,菌体的降解活性受到一定程度的抑制;在菌体接种量为0.5%~5%的范围内,接种量越大,CMEPA的降解转化速率越快.菌株T3-6降解CMEPA的最适温度为30℃,且其在pH 7~10的范围内对500 mg·L-1CMEPA的降解率均可达50%以上.T3-6菌株对CMEPA降解起催化作用的活性酶为胞内酶,该酶的最适反应温度和pH分别为25℃和8.0;该酶的温度稳定性较差,需在20℃以下贮存;但其在4℃下,pH 6~9的缓冲液中均可保持很好的稳定性.     

一株黄杆菌及其粗酶液对芘降解的动力学特征研究

实验研究了一株黄杆菌FCN2对芘降解的动力学特性,以及该菌株对芘的好氧氧化具有催化作用的酶的分布特征、芘在胞内酶存在下酶促降解的动力学特征研究结果表明,本实验室经驯化、筛选、分离所得的FCN2菌株对芘有良好的降解性能;反应后10 h内,降解反应近似表现为一级动力学特性,且随着芘初始浓度的增加,反应速度加快;当芘的初始浓度达到200 mg·L-1时,菌体的降解活性被抑制;菌体的初始浓度越大,芘的降解转化速率越快;当菌量达到3.0×108CFUs·mL-1(CFUs colony-forming units)时,芘的降解转化速度不再随着起始菌量的增加而增加在本实验的好氧条件下,最适初始菌量为1.0×108～2.0×108 CFUs·mL-1范围内.FCN2菌株对芘好氧降解起催化作用的活性酶为胞内酶,它对芘降解的催化作用迅速、有效,短时间内即达到分解平衡;胞内酶最适pH值为5,在pH 5.0～6 0之间均有较高的催化活性;胞内酶最适温度为32℃,在30～50℃之间能保持较高的催化活性;粗提胞内酶催化芘的好氧降解过程中,米氏常数较小,为1×10-4mol·L-1,最大反应速率为2×10-6mol·L-1·min-1,说明酶与芘的亲和力大.     

固定化多酚氧化酶及其酶促氧化酚类物质研究

从苹果中提取多酚氧化酶(PPO),活力为246.22 U(/g·min)。以邻苯二酚为底物测定了PPO的最适pH值、最适温度以及米氏参数等;采用包埋法用海藻酸钠、戊二醛交联制备了固定化多酚氧化酶(I-PPO),比较了固定化酶与液态酶的稳定性,进一步用I-PPO酶促氧化处理苯酚废水。结果表明:PPO酶促氧化邻苯二酚的最适pH为6.5,最适温度为30℃;PPO的米氏参数K m=0.189 mol/L,反应最大速率v max=0.311 U/min。I-PPO的最适pH为6.5,最适温度为35℃,I-PPO的热稳定性提高;I-PPO贮存25 d活力仍保持85%以上,PPO仅10%;I-PPO重复使用3次活力损失不到15%。试验条件下,I-PPO处理低浓度苯酚废水效果较好,对10 mg/L的废水苯酚的去除率达91%;最适用酶量为1 g。     

氟铃脲降解菌FLN-1的分离鉴定及降解特性

从农药厂废水处理池的活性污泥中分离到1株能降解氟铃脲的菌株,命名为FLN-1.根据表型特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列同源性分析,将FLN-1初步归类为红球菌属(Rhodococcus sp.).研究结果表明.该菌能在含氟铃脲(50mg·L-1)的基础盐液体培养基中降解氟铃脲,5d降解率达85%,降解最适pH为6.0～9.0,最适温度为25～40℃,降解速率随初始接种量的增加而增大;100mg·L-1的葡萄糖、酵母膏和蛋白胨对菌株降解氟铃脲具有促进作用.酶的定域试验表明,降解氟铃脲的酶为胞内酶.     

泰乐菌素降解菌的分离及其酶促特性

从长期堆放泰乐菌素药渣附近的土壤中筛选到一株泰乐菌素高效降解菌株TS1,经过对其形态特征、生理生化特性以及16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定为越南伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia vietnamiensis)。以菌株TS1为研究对象,分别采用硫酸铵盐析法和冰浴超声波破碎法提取胞外和胞内粗酶液,考察了该粗酶液降解泰乐菌素的特性。结果表明:菌株TS1降解泰乐菌素的酶为胞内组成酶,粗酶液降解泰乐菌素的适宜温度为35℃,适宜pH为7.5,在温度为20~50℃,pH 5.0~8.0的条件下,粗酶液对泰乐菌素都能保持较高的降解活性,表明降解粗酶液具有较好的热稳定性和较宽的pH适应范围,其米氏常数Km和最大降解速率Vmax分别为0.33 mmol/L和1.89 nmol/(mg·min)。     

磁场对酪氨酸酶活性及其催化降解酚类有机物影响的研究

研究了恒磁场对酪氨酸酶(TYR)活性及其催化降解酚类有机物的影响.结果显示,不同磁场强度(10～350 mT)处理下TYR酶活性均有提高,最佳磁场强度150mT下酶活力提高了27.1%.不同磁化时间下TYR酶活都有上升,但磁化60min后酶活上升幅度有所下降.酶经磁场处理后对温度、pH值稳定性增强,在温度为20～35 ℃、pH为5.0～10.0时均能保持较高活性,最佳温度为25℃,最佳pH为7.0;磁化后TYR酶的Michaelis常数Km为3.83 mmol·L-1,未磁化的Michaelis常数Km为2.65 mmol·L-1.磁场作用可促进TYR对酚类有机物邻苯二酚、苯酚、2,4-二氯酚的转化,反应速度依次递减,磁化处理对邻苯二酚反应的促进作用尤其明显;磁化处理后的酶对不同浓度苯酚和2,4-二氯酚的去除率均明显高于未磁化处理的酶,且随着酶用量增加,酚去除率提高.荧光发射光谱分析表明,磁化酪氨酸酶的荧光强度增强,构像发生了变化.     

农药阿维菌素酶促降解的初步研究

从受阿维菌素长期污染土壤中分离到一株高效降解菌株,研究了其最适产酶条件:培养温度35℃,培养液起始pH值7.0,培养时间96h, Hg2+对该菌株产酶有显著的抑制作用.从该降解菌中提取的粗酶液在pH值7.5和37.5℃时显示最大的降解活性,其米氏常数(Km)为6.78nmol/mL,最大降解速率为81.5nmol/(minmg).     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.