植物对纳米颗粒的吸收、转运及毒性效应

随着工程纳米颗粒的广泛使用,这些纳米材料不可避免地进入环境,对环境造成未知影响.植物是高等生物暴露于纳米颗粒的一条主要途径,工程纳米颗粒可能通过食物链使其在高营养水平生物中积累.植物与纳米颗粒间的相互作用应该受到关注和重视.已有的文献表明纳米颗粒能被植物选择性地吸收并引起植物毒性,但纳米颗粒进入植物体内的机制仍不明确.多数关于植物吸收纳米颗粒的研究是在理想条件如水培实验下开展,并且集中在植物的种子发芽或是幼苗生长阶段.描述纳米颗粒在植物体内的生物转化和在植物体内分配的报道较少,而且这方面的机制没有阐述清楚.目前有许多研究者关注纳米颗粒的植物毒性效应,但这方面的研究需要进一步深入.     

颗粒尺寸对纳米氧化物环境行为的影响

随着纳米技术迅猛发展,纳米颗粒的环境行为和生态效应越来越受到关注.纳米氧化物作为环境中的重要组成,广泛存在于水体、大气、土壤以及沉积物中,其大比表面积和高表面活性,控制和影响着环境中一些污染物和营养元素的形态、迁移、转化和生物有效性.纳米尺寸是纳米颗粒特有属性,颗粒尺寸大小调控和决定纳米氧化物的结构及物理化学特性,从而在较大程度上影响其与相关元素的界面反应性和环境地球化学行为.综述了纳米氧化物的尺寸对吸附、(还原)溶解、(催化)氧化、聚集和迁移等环境行为的影响,讨论了尺寸效应的作用机制,最后展望了环境中纳米金属氧化物尺寸效应有关的研究热点和方向.     

纳米颗粒污染土壤的健康评价研究进展

纳米颗粒(nanoparticles,NPs)由于其独特的理化性质在农业上已经被广泛用作纳米肥料以及杀虫剂,部分纳米颗粒也不可避免地进入了土壤环境,对土壤造成污染,其在地球各圈层中循环并进入植物及动物体内,最终可能富集于人体并造成危害.根据文献调研,目前国内外的相关研究大多聚焦于纳米颗粒的生物毒性和环境行为方面,其对土壤性质影响的研究尚不完善,现有的土壤健康评价体系也极少考虑纳米颗粒对土壤环境的破坏.而纳米颗粒会影响土壤力学性能以及pH、氧化还原电位、阳离子交换量等化学性质,并对土壤动物及微生物种群结构及代谢组学特性造成较大影响;同时,纳米颗粒也会通过环境地球化学循环在土壤中迁移、转化和积累,故有必要深入探究其对土壤的污染与生态环境的破坏机理.基于目前的土壤评价体系,未来需针对纳米颗粒产生的污染及风险进行系统性评估,选取不依赖于NPs种类的普适性土壤性质指标,并重点将土壤无脊椎动物生理指标及土壤原生动物性质等生物指标纳入评价体系中;此外,也仍需对纳米颗粒造成的长期污染与空间迁移进行探究,同步借助相关仪器对土壤中纳米颗粒的浓度及种类进行评估,并结合机器学习、模型模拟与地理技术完善评估结果...     

不同粒径纳米TiO2对大型溞的毒性效应及腐殖酸的调控作用

为评估纳米TiO₂在环境水体中的暴露风险,选用大型溞作为模式生物,研究了不同粒径纳米TiO₂（20、40、60和100 nm）对大型溞毒性效应的影响,并探究了腐殖酸对不同粒径纳米TiO₂毒性效应的调控作用.结果表明,粒径是影响纳米TiO₂颗粒毒性效应的重要因素,以大型溞半数致死时间（LT₅₀）为指标,不同粒径纳米TiO₂对大型溞的毒性作用强弱顺序依次为：20 nm颗粒 > 40 nm颗粒 > 60 nm颗粒 > 100 nm颗粒（p<0.05）.腐殖酸的存在可以显著降低纳米TiO₂颗粒对大型溞的毒性作用,腐殖酸对小尺寸纳米TiO₂颗粒的毒性抑制作用更为明显（p<0.05）.大型溞体内ROS水平与抗氧化系统相关酶活分析表明,纳米TiO₂导致大型溞体内活性氧自由基（ROS）浓度升高是其产生毒性作用的重要原因,腐殖酸的存在可以显著降低大型溞体内由于纳米TiO₂暴露而引起的ROS浓度上升（p<0.05）,进而减轻纳米TiO₂对大型溞的毒性作用.此外,腐殖酸可以减小不同粒径纳米TiO₂之间的毒性差异.本研究结果可为纳米TiO₂在环境水体中的暴露风险评估提供参考依据.     

纳米氧化物对藻类致毒性研究进展

纳米技术的迅猛发展及纳米氧化物在化学产品、电子工业、结构材料、农业及制药等领域大量生产和广泛应用,人们开始关注纳米氧化物进入环境带来的潜在风险。本文综述了纳米氧化物对藻类毒性试验所取得的研究成果(包括毒性效应、生理毒性、致毒机理等),以及纳米氧化物在水体中与其他物质发生复合后产生的联合毒性,展望了纳米氧化物毒性效应的研究方向。     

纳米颗粒对活性污泥系统的毒性效应和机制研究进展

纳米材料(NMs)被广泛运用在生产生活中,其独特的物理化学性质可能给环境带来潜在威胁。NMs在生产和使用过程中会以污水为载体进入市政污水处理设施中。当前纳米颗粒(NPs)毒性研究主要集中在NPs对模式微生物的毒性效应,而对污水生物处理影响和微生物毒性效应的报道较少。文章概括介绍了水环境中NPs的来源、行为,NPs对好氧、厌氧活性污泥系统的毒性效应及其致毒机制;总结了该领域的不足和以后的研究方向,以期为正确评估NPs对水处理的潜在风险和环境影响提供科学依据和支撑。     

SiO2纳米颗粒对小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长活性的影响

从Si02纳米颗粒对小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长活性的影响来探讨纳米材料的生物安全性问题.结果表明Si02纳米颗粒降低了小球藻的生物量和蛋白含量,并可以附着在细胞表面和进入细胞内部,造成了细胞的形变和结构损伤,从而抑制了小球藻的正常生长活性.Si02纳米颗粒对小球藻具有一定的毒性效应.     

人工纳米颗粒对水生生物的毒性效应及其机制研究进展

随着纳米科技的飞速发展和纳米产品的普及,人工纳米颗粒(NPs)的生物毒性效应研究逐渐成为国内外关注的热点.以水环境和水生生物为对象,综述了近几年来NPs对水生生物的毒性效应、毒性机制等方面的研究进展.文中按NPs的分类总结了NPs对微生物、藻类、原生动物和鱼类等水生生物的毒性效应,着重论述了NPs的可能毒性机制及其与NPs的独特物理化学性质之间的关系,并在细胞和分子水平上探讨了NPs的摄取、跨膜运输等方面的可能机制.在自然水体中,NPs因其化学行为受水化学条件等影响而表现出不同于实验室研究中的生物毒性效应,本文也对这方面的研究进行了讨论和总结.最后分析了目前水生生物纳米毒性研究中的瓶颈和方法、技术方面的问题,并对以后应注重开展的研究进行了展望.     

典型纳米金属氧化物对氨氧化菌Nitrosomonas europaea的生物胁迫影响

对比研究了3种典型纳米金属氧化物颗粒(NPs,包括纳米TiO2(n-TiO2),纳米CeO2(n-CeO2)和纳米ZnO(n-ZnO))在不同作用浓度下(0,0.1,1,10,50mg/L)对污水生物脱氮系统中代表性氨氧化菌─ Nitrosomonas europaea连续作用6h的毒性效应及作用规律.结果表明,3种NPs对N.europaea的生物胁迫效应与其投加浓度均呈正相关.其中,50mg/L的n-CeO2, n-ZnO与对照组相比,可显著降低N.europaea细菌浓度,破坏细胞膜完整性,抑制氨氧化速率.相同浓度条件下, n-ZnO对N.europaea的毒性影响最大, n-TiO2影响最小.虽然n-ZnO释放的Zn2+对N.europaea具有明显的毒性效应,但n-ZnO及其产生的尺寸效应仍是其生物胁迫产生的重要来源.     

纳米金属颗粒在土壤-植物系统中的迁移转化及生物效应研究进展

纳米金属颗粒的安全性是我国纳米产业发展亟需解决的重要课题,认识纳米金属颗粒在土壤-植物系统中的迁移转化和生物效应是其安全性研究的重要内容. 本文系统阐述了纳米金属颗粒在土壤中的迁移转化、在植物中的运输过程和机制以及在植物中的生物转化及其对植物的生物学效应,并在此基础上提出未来研究展望. 结果表明:①复杂的土壤环境(pH、离子强度、离子价态、温度、溶解性有机质)能够影响纳米金属颗粒在土壤中的迁移及其形态转化(吸附/解吸、分散/沉降、解离和氧化/还原);②纳米金属颗粒首先吸附在植物的根部,再通过质外体或共质体途经向植物内部转移,由木质部和韧皮部组成的维管系统进行转运;③根际分泌物以及植物体内的蛋白质与有机酸等对纳米金属颗粒在植物中的生物转化起到重要作用;④纳米金属颗粒可以通过引起氧化应激或抑制营养元素吸收对植物产生毒性效应. 为此,提出未来研究展望:建议重点关注纳米金属颗粒在土壤中形态转变过程的耦合效应,以及各赋存形态在植物体内的运输途径、生物转化过程机制及其对植物生物效应的贡献等.      

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.