长江南京段新兴污染物污染特征及风险评估

在长江南京段上游至下游依次布设6个采样点采集水样,使用固相萃取和LC-MS/MS相结合的方法对5种选定药物的质量浓度进行测定,并采用风险熵模型评估其生态风险。结果表明,6个采样点均检测到药物存在。其中,四环素、红霉素、罗红霉素和氯霉素的检出率为100%,最高检出值为10.29 ng/L(氯霉素)。与国内外其他地表水相比,长江南京段水中的药物质量浓度较低。生态风险评估结果表明,长江南京段水中5种药物的风险熵值均低于1,对水生生物不存在高风险。     

我国淡水水生生物对硝基酚基准研究

研究了对硝基酚对中国淡水水生生物毒性效应,包括15个属18个物种的33个急性毒性数据和大型溞(Daphnia magna)与虹鳟鱼(Oncorhynchus mykiss)的无观察效应浓度(NOEC)慢性数据。应用物种敏感度分布曲线法推导了我国的淡水水生生物对硝基酚基准最大浓度为163.47μg/L,基准连续浓度为36.01μg/L。与我国水体中对硝基酚的浓度相比,对硝基酚尚未对水生系统产生影响,其潜在风险不大。研究结果为我国的对硝基酚水质标准研究提供了参考依据。     

PPCPs在不同营养级水生生物体内的累积与代谢

在总结药品及个人护理品(PPCPs)在水环境中分布特征的基础上,分析和对比了典型PPCPs在不同营养级水生生物(浮游植物、底栖生物和鱼类)体内的累积规律,并阐述了PPCPs在鱼体内的代谢转化途径和机理.提出未来该领域的主要研究方向包括加强对个人护理品生物累积和食物链传递的研究,深入探索PPCPs在食物链上的传递和累积规律,开展实际水体中PPCPs的代谢转化研究.     

典型水生生物中微塑料的累积、清除及食物链传递效应

以环境中双壳类、鱼类及节肢类等水生生物为对象,介绍了其对微塑料的累积与清除,重点分析了微塑料特性、生物特性和食物等因素对微塑料生物累积与清除的影响,并进一步概述了微塑料沿水生食物链的传递效应,阐述了其对复合污染物食物链传递的影响过程。结果发现,微塑料在水生生物中的累积、清除与其自身尺寸、形态和聚合物类型等密切相关,水生生物的结构特异性是干扰微塑料从生物体内排泄的重要因素,有无食物的环境条件是调节双壳类和节肢类生物对微塑料累积与清除的重要路径;微塑料虽然可以通过食物链由低营养级向高营养级传递,但不一定会产生生物放大效应;微塑料的载体效应导致其复合污染物的食物链传递过程发生改变,共存污染物在生物体内的释放和吸收时间是调控微塑料复合污染物食物链传递能力的重要因素。     

西安市景观水体营养状态调查及浮游藻类多样性研究

对西安市城区景观水体浮游藻类状况及生物多样性进行了研究。结果表明,7个景观水体中有5个水体的水质未达到Ⅴ类水质标准,主要超标项目为pH值和TN;7个水体的ρ(N)/ρ(P)为16.6~43.6,磷为限制性因子;其中2个水体富营养化严重,DO含量低,水质达不到要求,其优势藻种为蓝藻门,含量占浮游藻类总数的64.3%~93.4%;而水质较好的贫营养水体优势种为黄藻门,含量占到浮游藻类总数的54.3%;通过6种生物多样性指数与景观水体营养状态的拟合,发现MeNaughton's多样性指数适合城区景观水体的富营养化评价。     

骆马湖地区水体、沉积物中农药筛查和分布特征

采用气相色谱/质谱（GC/MS）非靶向筛查技术,分别于2019年11月5—7日（枯水期）、2020年4月24—26日（平水期）和2020年7月15—16日（丰水期）对骆马湖地区水体和沉积物中的农药残留进行了筛查并对其空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明,水中筛查出主要农药13种,除草剂占比62%,检出率＞95%的农药有丁草胺、环嗪酮、异丙甲草胺、多效唑、噻氟菌胺、稻瘟灵、毒死蜱、阿特拉津、避蚊胺和莠灭净,阿特拉津检出质量浓度最高（ND～10 599 ng/L,平均值为725.5 ng/L）,其次为多效唑（ND～2 089 ng/L,平均值为237.0 ng/L）和噻氟菌胺（ND～1 991 ng/L,平均值为237.2 ng/L）。与国内其他地区相比,骆马湖地区水中农药污染处于中等水平,其中阿特拉津、稻瘟灵和毒死蜱的生态风险值得重点关注。骆马湖及入湖河流水中农药总质量浓度呈现丰水期＞平水期＞枯水期的特点,与地表径流、农药的性质及其在水体中的释放等因素有关,丰水期入湖口和省界来水中农药对饮用水水源地的影响较大。沉积物中筛查出9种农药,总体含量不高,且仅扑灭净和避蚊胺检出率>95%,其余<20%。     

基于不同方法的水生态健康评估 ——以北京市典型水体为例

在北京选择密云水库、昆明湖、福海和北运河水系河流等9个典型水体,利用基于不同水生生物的多样性指数法和综合指数法开展水生态健康评价.结果表明,基于浮游植物和底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数所指示的水生态状况分别对应轻污染～中污染和中污染～重污染等级,而结合生境、水质和水生生物指标的两项综合指数反映出的水生...     

城市黑臭水体整治前后上覆水和孔隙水的生物毒性对比和评价

以常州市典型城市黑臭水体神童浜为对象,采用小球藻和大型溞作为急性毒性测试手段,对整治前、后神童浜4个点位的上覆水和孔隙水的毒性效应进行了对比和评价。结果表明,整治后神童浜上覆水水质明显改善;上覆水在整治前、后对小球藻生长均无抑制作用,反而呈促进作用;对黑臭水体的整治降低了上覆水和孔隙水的生物毒性,但整治后的上覆水仍存在富营养化问题,且孔隙水对水生生物仍具有一定的毒性风险。提出,利用生物毒性测试能反映出黑臭水体整治前、后的毒性变化,可应用于对黑臭水体整治效果的评价。     

黄河、海河和辽河水体中3种常用除草剂的分布特征

系统研究了黄河、海河和辽河中3种常用除草剂 MCPA、2，4-D 和 Bentazone 的分布特征及其来源。结果表明，3种除草剂除 Bentazone在黄河水体中未检出外，其余均有检出。季节和空间分析表明，大部分目标物丰水期质量浓度高于枯水期，可能与夏季农作物除草剂使用量较大有关；从上游到下游化合物质量浓度逐渐升高，可能是河岸面源污染引起。水生态风险初步分析显示，3种除草剂对研究水体中的水生生物均为低风险。     

基于水生生物的湖泊营养类型评价

对乌梁素海的水生生物进行了评价分析。结果表明:乌梁素海浮游动物共有4大类62种,平均生物量为3.75 mg/L,底栖动物11种,隶属3门3纲4科。底栖动物平均生物量为71.7 g/m2,属于富营养类型。     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

Trends in Nitrogen Transport in Swedish Rivers

Concern about nitrogen loads in marine environments has drawn attention to the existence and possible causes of long-term trends in nitrogen transport in rivers. The present study was based on data from the Swedish environmental monitoring programme for surface water quality; the continuity of these data is internationally unique. A recently developed semiparametric method was employed to study the development of relationships between runoff and river transport of nitrogen since 1971; the observed relationships were then used to produce time series of flow-normalised transports for 66 sites in 39 river basins. Subsequent statistical analyses of flow-normalised data revealed only few significant downward trends (p 0.05) during the time period 1971–1994, and the most pronounced of these downward trends were caused by reduced point emissions of nitrogen. The number of significant upward trends was substantially larger (15 for total-N and 18 for NO₃-N). Closer examination of obtained results revealed the following: (i) the most pronounced upward trends were present downstream of lakes, and (ii) observed increases in nitrogen transport coincided in time and space with reduced point emissions of phosphorus or organic matter. This indicated that changes in the retention of nitrogen in lakes were responsible for the upward nitrogen trends. The hypothesis that nitrogen saturation of forest soils has caused a general increase in the riverine export of nitrogen from forested catchments in Sweden was not confirmed. Neither did the results indicate that improved agricultural practices have reduced the export of nitrogen from agricultural catchments.     

HPLC法测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D 3 和维生素E

建立了以w(C2H5OH)=95 %乙醇直接提取,高效液相色谱仪在波长280 nm和254 nm处连续测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D3和维生素E的方法.色谱柱为大连依利特Hypersil ODS C18(25 cm×4.6 mm×5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.2 mL/min.维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E的质量浓度分别在1.0 mg/L～20.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L～15.0 mg/L 、2.5 mg/L～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.3×10-6 μg、0.04×10-6 μg、5.0×10-6 μg,相对标准偏差分别为1.6 %、2.7 %、2.4 %,平均回收率分别为99 %、102 %、98 %.     

Fluoride in groundwater in selected villages in Eritrea (North East Africa)

A study was undertaken to estimate fluoride content in thegroundwater in certain parts of rural Eritrea, North-East Africa,along the River Anseba. Standard procedure was adopted for fluoride detection. Results indicate elevated concentration offluoride in groundwater. The highest concentration was found tobe 3.73 mg L^-1, well above the safety level for consumption.Geological basis for the high concentration of high fluoride hasbeen established; it is presumed to be the pegmatite intrusion hosted by a granitic batholith. Extensive dental fluorosis has been observed in the population exposed to drinking water of highfluoride content.     

丽水市空气中Pb污染调查

为调查丽水市空气中Pb污染现状，在机动车相对集中的市区布设5个测点，测点高度1．2m；监测周期为1a，每星期采样1d或2d，每天采集1个样，每次采样6h；监测项目为TSP、Pb；评价标准采用GB3095—1996《环境空气质量标准》。结果表明，丽水市各测点空气中Pb最大的季均值、年均值均未超标；常规测点和交通路口测点之间TSP、Pb质量浓度值均存在显著的差异性。     

Organochlorines and Mercury in Waterfowl Harvested in Canada

Samples of breast muscle from 32 species of waterfowl collected from 123 sites across Canada were analyzed for chlorobenzenes (CBz), chlordane-related compounds (CHL), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH), DDT, mirex, dieldrin, PCBs and mercury. ΣDDT, ΣCBz and ΣPCB were the compounds most frequently found above trace levels. ΣHCH and ΣMirex were detected the least often. Mercury was detected in all of the mergansers, over 50% of dabbling, bay and sea ducks, and in less than 2% of the geese analysed. The highest levels of contaminants were generally found in birds feeding at higher trophic levels such as sea ducks and mergansers. With the exception of a few samples of mergansers and long-tailed ducks from eastern Canada, which contained ΣPCB concentrations of 1.0–2.4 mg kg⁻¹, ΣPCB levels were less than 1 mg kg⁻¹ wet weight. Only one merganser from eastern Canada had a ΣDDT concentration (2.6 mg kg⁻¹ ww) which was greater than 1 mg kg⁻¹ ww. The highest ΣCHL (0.10 mg kg⁻¹ ww) was also found in mergansers from eastern Canada. Levels of total mercury in breast muscle were either low (< 1 mg kg⁻¹ ww) or below detection limits with the exception of a few samples of mergansers from eastern Canada which contained mercury concentrations of 1.0–1.5 mg kg⁻¹ ww. Health Canada determined that the organochlorine and mercury levels found in samples of breast muscle of ducks and geese analysed in this study did not pose a health hazard to human consumers and therefore these waterfowl were safe to eat.     

兰州市冬季和春季PM2.5金属元素浓度水平与分布

为了解兰州市大气PM2.5中金属元素的污染水平和分布,于2013年冬季和春季在兰州市区4个在线监测点进行PM2.5样品采集,利用ICP-MS分析金属元素浓度。结果表明,Pb、B元素含量高于200 ng/m3,V、Fe元素含量在100~200 ng/m3,其余元素含量低于100 ng/m3,其中Pb含量最高,平均含量达到373.8 ng/m3.各监测点元素含量在冬季和春季各有不同,整体上是冬季高于春季。金属元素在兰州市区的空间分布与兰州市工业排放和气象因素有关,工业排放为主导因素。     

中国1998年度环境质量状况

对我国１９９８年度的环境空气质量，酸雨，主要流域水质，近岸域海水水质，地下水水位与水质，城市声环境、射环境质量，典型区域生态环境的状况进行了综述了与分析，指出了我国的环境污染问题主要是城市空气污染，地面水体污染和城市噪声污染。     

天津市空气颗粒物中酞酸酯的分布特征

采用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)对天津市空气颗粒物中15种酞酸酯(PAEs)夏季和冬季的浓度进行了分析测定,研究了酞酸酯污染水平的季节变化,不同季节酞酸酯的功能区差异,15种酞酸酯在颗粒物中的分布特征,以及DBP和DEHP在夏冬两季中的污染特点,分析了产生上述结果的原因,基本说明了天津市空气颗粒物中酞酸酯的污染状况和特点。     

Pesticides residues in vegetables in and around Delhi

This article presents the development of a multiresidue method forthe estimation of 30 insecticides, 15 organochlorineinsecticides and 6 organophosphorus insecticides, 9 syntheticpyrethriods and 2 herbicides and their quantificationin vegetables. The monitoring study indicates that though allthe vegetable samples were contaminated with pesticides, only31% of the samples contained pesticides above the prescribedtolerance limit.