冬季北京城区PM2.5诱导人肺上皮细胞系A549中多环芳烃受体(AhR)通路的激活

使用冬季北京市城区的细颗粒物（PM_2.5）评估其对人肺上皮细胞系A549中多环芳烃受体（AhR）通路的激活作用.利用CCK-8法检测细胞暴露PM_2.5后的存活率,选取50%抑制浓度（IC₅₀）作为细胞暴露剂量,采用Western blot和免疫荧光检测PM_2.5暴露诱导AhR定位变化,采用荧光定量PCR和Western blot检测AhR的靶基因CYP1A1的转录和翻译水平改变,应用双荧光素酶报告基因法测定AhR与靶基因结合位点（XRE）的活性,利用酶标仪测定CYP1A1的酶活性改变.结果显示,随着暴露时间的增加,AhR逐渐从细胞质易位至细胞核;CYP1A1 mRNA和蛋白质的表达水平也呈时间依赖性显著增加;AhR与XRE结合活性的增加表明了PM_2.5诱导CYP1A1增加的调节机制;最后引起细胞内CYP1A1酶活性显著增加.研究表明,来自冬季北京城区的PM_2.5样品可激活A549细胞的AhR通路,提示AhR介导的信号途径可能与PM_2.5的暴露毒性有关.     

五氯酚对稀有鮈鲫胚胎毒性效应研究

研究五氯酚(PCP)对稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)胚胎的致畸和毒性效应.以7.5,30,60,120,250μg/L5个浓度的PCP对0hpf(hpf,受精卵孵出时间)的稀有鮈鲫胚胎进行暴露染毒,同时设置空白对照组、二甲基亚砜溶剂对照组和雌二醇(EE2,2.5ng/L)阳性对照组.在立体显微镜下观察整个胚胎的发育过程,统计胚胎的孵化率、96hpf相对存活率和各时期的畸形率,并利用半定量RT-PCR检测胚胎中CYP1A基因和p53基因mRNA的表达.结果表明,PCP暴露能延迟稀有鮈鲫胚胎发育,并造成胚胎卵凝结、心包囊肿、脊柱弯曲等多种畸形甚至死亡.随着PCP暴露浓度的升高,稀有鮈鲫胚胎的孵化率和96hpf相对存活率降低,各时期的畸形率增加,并呈现一定的浓度效应.稀有鮈鲫胚胎CYP1A基因和p53基因mRNA表达被显著诱导,并随PCP浓度的升高而增加.PCP对稀有鮈鲫胚胎发育表现为显著的毒性效应.稀有鮈鲫胚胎孵化率、96hpf相对存活率、各时期畸形率及CYP1A基因和p53基因的诱导表达可以作为评价PCP毒性作用的敏感指标.     

诺氟沙星对阿部鲻鰕鯱Ⅰ相、Ⅱ相酶活性及CYP1A1和P-gpmRNA表达影响

通过饲料暴露的方式研究了抗生素诺氟沙星（Norfloxacin,NFLX）对阿部鲻鰕鯱（Mugilogobius abei）Ⅰ相、Ⅱ相代谢酶活性以及CYP1A1和P-糖蛋白(P-gp) mRNA表达的影响。结果表明随着暴露时间的延长,NFLX对阿部鲻鰕鯱肝脏Ⅰ相代谢酶APND、 ERND均表现出先诱导后抑制的作用。24 h时NFLX的暴露浓度为20 μg?g-1对Ⅰ代谢酶APND和ERND的诱导达到最大值。当暴露时间达到168 h, APND和ERND均受到极显著抑制。Ⅱ相代谢酶GST和MDA在72 h受到最大诱导,经过168 h暴露后,GST活性逐渐恢复到正常水平,而MDA含量在50 μg?g-1浓度组仍然维持较高水平。CYP1A1和P-gp mRNA表达量随着暴露时间的延长而增加,168 h达到最大。APND、 ERND、GST、 MDA、CYP1A1 mRNA和P-gp mRNA响应敏感,适合作为NFLX暴露的生物标记物。 关键词：诺氟沙星;阿部鲻鰕鯱;肝脏酶活;CYP1A1;P-gp     

镉致黑斑蛙肝脏中ROS生成及其蛋白质氧化损伤作用

在实验条件下,将健康性成熟黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)暴露于0.005、0.010、0.050和0.100mg·L-1浓度的镉溶液中30d,采用2,4二硝基苯肼比色法测定肝组织蛋白质羰基含量,KCl-SDS沉淀法测定DNA-蛋白质交联含量,并测定了肝组织中活性氧自由基(ROS)的水平,以探讨镉对黑斑蛙肝组织蛋白质的氧化损伤作用及其作用机制.结果表明,随染镉浓度的增加,黑斑蛙肝线粒体中的ROS水平明显升高,各染毒组与对照组相比有显著性差异;肝蛋白质羰基(PCO)含量和DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)也随镉暴露浓度的增加而升高,且均呈明显的浓度-效应关系,但这种升高仅在镉浓度为0.05、0.10mg.L-1时才具有显著意义.结果还显示,低浓度镉的长期暴露可引起黑斑蛙肝蛋白质氧化损伤和DNA损伤,诱导产生大量自由基可能是导致蛋白质和DNA产生损伤的主要机制之一.     

TCDD对乳腺癌细胞端粒酶活性的影响

探讨了2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并-ρ-二噁英(TCDD)在体外对雌激素依赖性乳腺癌细胞MCF-7端粒酶活性的影响.用0.5μmol·L-1的2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并-ρ二噁英(TCDD)作用于MCF-7细胞,裂解后提取MCF.7细胞端粒酶.采用BCA方法定量蛋白、重复序列扩增-银染法检测端粒酶活性.结果表明.TCDD作用MCF-7细胞后,细胞端粒酶活性增强,且随作用时间端粒酶活性减弱,但明显高于对照组(P<0.05).结果表明:TCDD有显著增强MCF-7细胞端粒酶活性的作用.     

妊娠小鼠子宫对2,3,7,8-四氯苯二噁英毒性的敏感性研究

对妊娠早期小鼠用不同剂量的TCDD进行处理，妊娠第9天采集血清、肝、肾、脑、脂肪、子宫和胎儿等样品，利用酵母报道基因系统进行组织中TCDD含量检测，结果发现脂肪中TCDD含量最高，其次是肝脏、子宫和胎儿．由于TCDD的毒性需通过体内包括细胞色素P4501A2在内的代谢酶的活化，采用免疫组化的方法对TCDD诱导的该酶的表达水平进行了检测，发现肝脏和子宫的阳性反应最强，并且所需剂量很低，肾脏和脂肪组织在较高剂量出现阳性反应，而脑组织则仅在更大剂量时出现微弱的阳性信号．此现象说明子宫和肝脏一样，可以通过芳香烃类受体诱导细胞色素P4501A2酶的产生，活化TCDD，引起对细胞的毒性并产生对胚胎的毒性．在低剂量时观察到的强烈的生殖毒性应该和TCDD在子宫的蓄积和子宫内敏感的细胞色素P4501A诱导能力有关．     

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of dietary Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide against TCDD-induced hepatic injury and RT-PCR quantification of AHR2,ARNT2,CYPIA mRNA in Jian Carp(Cyprinus carpio var.Jian)

To evaluate the protective effects of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide(GPS) against 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD)-induced hepatotoxicity in Jian carp,the fish were fed diets containing GPS at doses of 0.1,0.5 and 1.0 g/kg for 60 days before an intraperitoneal injection of 0.6 μg/kg TCDD at a volume of 0.05 mL/10 g body weight.At 72 hr post-injection,blood and liver samples were taken for biochemical analysis and the fish liver samples were used for the preparation of pathological slices.The results showed that increases in alanine aminotransferase(GPT),aspartate aminotransferase(GOT),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),and alkaline phosphatase(AKP) in serum induced by TCDD were significantly inhibited by pre-treatment with 1.0 g/kg GPS.Following the 1.0 g/kg GPS pre-treatment,total protein(TP),albumin(Alb),catalase(CAT),glutathione peroxidase(GPx),total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities in liver tissue increased significantly,malondialdehyde(MDA) formation(P 0.05 or P 0.01) was significantly inhibited,and the expression of cytochrome P4501A(CYP1A),aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2(AHR2) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2(ARNT2) mRNA(P 0.05) was significantly enhanced.Histological observations on fish liver were obtained by preparing paraffin tissue sections via HE staining,and the results showed that histological changes were obviously reduced by 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg GPS.GPS significantly reduced liver tissue damage caused by TCDD.Overall,these results proved the hepatoprotective effect of GPS in protecting against fish liver injury induced by TCDD,and supported the use of GPS(1.0 g/kg) as a hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent in fish.     

大气细颗粒物亚慢性染毒对大鼠肺内质网应激相关因子表达的影响

采集冬、夏季太原市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5),并制备PM2.5生理盐水混悬液.将35只雄性SD大鼠随机分为7组:对照组、3个不同剂量夏季PM2.5染毒组(0.2、0.6、1.5 mg·kg~(-1)体重)及3个不同剂量冬季PM2.5染毒组(0.3、1.5、2.7 mg·kg~(-1)体重),每组5只,气道滴注法染毒,每隔2 d染毒1次,共60 d.采用荧光实时定量PCR、Western blot、ELISA方法检测大鼠肺内质网应激指标——葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、活化转录因子6(ATF6)、C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶12(Caspase12)及血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)的mRNA和蛋白表达变化.结果表明,与对照组相比,冬季中、高剂量PM2.5染毒组大鼠肺组织GRP78、ATF6、CHOP、Caspase12、HO-1 mRNA和蛋白表达显著增加,夏季高剂量PM2.5染毒组大鼠肺组织这5个基因mRNA和蛋白表达显著增加.冬季和夏季PM2.5组大鼠肺上述5个基因表达有剂量-效应关系.结果表明,太原市PM2.5亚慢性染毒可诱导大鼠肺内质网应激相关基因GRP78/ATF6/CHOP/HO-1表达,说明肺内质网应激反应加强;而CHOP和Caspase-12上调,提示与细胞凋亡关联的内质网相关性死亡途径被激活.冬季和夏季PM2.5引起内质网应激相关因子表达上调的效应没有显著差别.     

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of dietary Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide against TCDD-induced hepatic injury and RT-PCR quantification of AHR2, ARNT2, CYP1A mRNA in Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

To evaluate the protective effects of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GPS) against 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced hepatotoxicity in Jian carp, the fish were fed diets containing GPS at doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg for 60 days before an intraperitoneal injection of 0.6 μg/kg TCDD at a volume of 0.05 mL/10 g body weight. At 72 hr post-injection, blood and liver samples were taken for biochemical analysis and the fish liver samples were used for the preparation of pathological slices. The results showed that increases in alanine aminotransferase (GPT), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in serum induced by TCDD were significantly inhibited by pre-treatment with 1.0 g/kg GPS. Following the 1.0 g/kg GPS pre-treatment, total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in liver tissue increased significantly, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) was significantly inhibited, and the expression of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (AHR2) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2) mRNA (P < 0.05) was significantly enhanced. Histological observations on fish liver were obtained by preparing paraffin tissue sections via HE staining, and the results showed that histological changes were obviously reduced by 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg GPS. GPS significantly reduced liver tissue damage caused by TCDD. Overall, these results proved the hepatoprotective effect of GPS in protecting against fish liver injury induced by TCDD, and supported the use of GPS (1.0 g/kg) as a hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent in fish.     

新型消毒副产物碘代乙酸急性暴露诱导斑马鱼肝脏氧化损伤的机理研究

具有较好水溶性的碘代乙酸是新型饮用水消毒副产物,其对水生生物的毒效应及机理备受关注.肝脏是鱼类发挥解毒作用的的主要组织,极易受化学污染物影响.本研究以模式水生动物斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为研究对象,采用半静态换水法,研究了碘代乙酸急性暴露诱导鱼体解毒功能组织氧化损伤的毒效应机理.暴露96 h后,相对于对照组,不同剂量碘代乙酸(1μg·L-1、10μg·L-1和100μg·L-1)暴露导致斑马鱼肝脏组织活性氧和丙二醛含量明显增加;超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽S转移酶活性增强,而过氧化氢酶活性降低;肝脏解毒过程标志性基因CYP1A、CYP3A和GST在mRNA水平表达量不断增加;这些指标的变化都呈现明显的剂量-效应特征.上述研究表明,饮用水消毒过程形成的碘代乙酸对水生生物具有明显的氧化应激效应,鱼体肝脏组织解毒功能基因相对于其它指标更敏感,可作为生物标志物.此外,应当加强饮用水消毒工艺研究,减少碘代乙酸等消毒副产物的形成以降低其对水生生态系统的潜在危害.     

Enhanced hepatotoxicity induced by repeated exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in combination in male rats

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD) and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) are among persistent polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons that exist as complex mixtures in the environment worldwide.The present study was attempted to investigate the hepatotoxicity following repeated exposure to TCDD and PCBs in combination in male rats,and to reveal the involvement of potential mechanisms.Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to TCDD(10 μg/kg) and Aroclor 1254(10 mg/kg,a representative mixture of PCBs) alone ...     

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin promotes migration ability of primary cultured rat astrocytes via aryl hydrocarbon receptor

Emerging evidence showed that 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) could induce expression of certain reactivation-associated genes in astrocytes, however, the consequent cellular effects and molecular mechanisms are still unclear. During the process of astrocyte reactivation, migration is a critical cellular event. In the present study, we employed wound-healing assay and Transwell® motility assay to explore the effects of TCDD on cell migration in primary cultured rat cortical astrocytes. We found that upon TCDD treatments at relative low concentrations (10^? 10 and/or 10^? 9?mol/L), the ability of primary astrocytes to migrate horizontally and vertically was promoted. In line with this cellular effect, the mRNA expression of two pro-migratory genes, including cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) was induced by TCDD treatment. Dioxin exerts its toxic effects mainly through aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. So the role of AhR pathway in the pro-migratory effects of TCDD was examined using an AhR antagonist, CH223191. We found that application of CH223191 significantly reversed the pro-migratory effects of TCDD. Interestingly, the basal ability of horizontal migration as well as basal levels of CDC42 and MMP2 expression were dramatically reduced suggesting a possible physiological role of AhR in maintaining the endogenous migration ability of the primary astrocytes. These findings support the notion that dioxin promotes astrocyte reactivation at molecular and cellular levels.     

Relation of hepatic EROD activity and cytochrome P4501A level in Sebastiscus marmoratus exposed to benzo[a]pyrene

This study was designed to investigate the in vivo effects of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） on hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase （EROD） activity and its correlation with cytochrome P4501A （CYP1A） protein levels in Sebastiscus marmoratus, which were exposed through a water column to BaP （10, 100, 1000 ng/L, respectively） or were treated with intraperitoneal injections of BaP （0.5, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg, respectively） every 7 d. The results showed that after 25 d of waterborne exposure to 1000 ng/L BaP, fish hepatic CYP1A levels and EROD activity were significantly induced. In contrast, EROD activity was not altered 7 d after second intraperitoneal injections, whereas, CYP1A protein levels were increased. Dose-dependent increase of biliary BaP metabolites demonstrated that the catalytic activity of CYP1A was induced by treatment with BaP. The lowest observable effect concentration with regard to biliary BaP metabolites （100 ng/L） was much lower than that with reference to EROD activity （1000 ng/L）. The results suggest that biliary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon （PAH） metabolites were shown to better reflect the contamination gradients of PAHs than EROD activity. It appeared to be necessary to measure CYP1A protein levels to complement the EROD activity in relevant toxicological assessments.     

虹鳟鱼鳃及肝脏多种CYP1基因表达模式作为生物标志物监测海河水污染状况

以虹鳟鱼为受试生物,以鳃与肝脏多种CYP1基因为生物标志物,在天津境内开展了野外监测实验,分析多种CYP1转录物的表达量变化及它们在不同监测位点的表达模式.实验通过鱼类吊网在特定水域进行野外监测.结果表明,葛沽与海河入海口的6种CYP1基因表达模式很相近,但表达量不同,表明两地的污染成分相近似但水中污染物负荷不同.除了在马厂减河外,CYP1C1/C3在葛沽与入海口受到明显诱导作用,表明马厂减河中存在的污染物种类不同于其它监测位点.因此,利用虹鳟鱼鳃与肝脏中多种CYP1基因表达模式作为生物标志物监测污染物有着很好的前景,不仅可以作为研究环境污染物对水环境和鱼类健康影响的重要手段,还可以为进一步解释化学混合物成分与多种生物反应之间关系提供理论基础.     

Relation of hepatic EROD activity and CYP1A level in Sebastiscus marmoratus exposed to benzo[a]pyrene

This study was designed to investigate the in vivo effects of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and its correlation with cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) protein levels in Sebastiscus marmoratus, which were exposed through a water column to BaP (10, 100, 1000 ng/L, respectively) or were treated with intraperitoneal injections of BaP (0.5, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg, respectively) every 7 d. The results showed that after 25 d of waterborne exposure to 1000 ng/L BaP, fish hepatic CYP1A levels and EROD activity were significantly induced. In contrast, EROD activity was not altered 7 d after second ip injections, whereas, CYP1A protein levels were increased. Dose-dependent increase of biliary BaP metabolites demonstrated that the catalytic activity of CYP1A was induced by treatment with BaP. The lowest observable effect concentration with regard to biliary BaP metabolites (100 ng/L) was much lower than that with reference to EROD activity (1000 ng/L). The results suggest that biliary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites were shown to better reflect the contamination gradients of PAHs than EROD activity. It appeared to be necessary to measure CYP1A protein levels to complement the EROD activity in relevant toxicological assessments.