聚合氯化铝Al13模型化合物的量子化学计算

采用MNDO方法对聚合氯化铝(PAC)中的Al13模型化合物进行了量子化学计算.结果表明:作为电子给体化学反应的活性点主要是羟基氧原子或羟基桥键氧原子,作为电子受体化学反应的活性点主要是六配位的Al.羟铝比(OH/Al)大的模型物, 铝氧四面体中Al所带正电荷明显减少,表明OH/Al比大时将有更多的电子流向Al(Ⅲ).与此同时,羟桥Al-O的键级会逐渐减小,有利于PAC的水解.水解过程实际上是通过OH-的HOMO和被水解形态组分的LUMO相互作用使Al-O(H2O)键断裂形成Al-O(OH)键的过程.     

土壤环境中具有Keggin结构的Al13草酸盐胶体合成及其表征

采用XRD,FTIR和MAS27 Al NMR方法表征从Al13溶液中合成的草酸盐胶体.结果表明:胶体具有明显的XRD衍射峰,有别于常见的Al系及其草酸盐沉淀;位于810cm-1处络合物中Al-O伸缩振动证明胶体是由Al13和草酸根直接络合形成;红外光谱中位于725cm-1处的(Al-O)Td键和固体核磁共振波谱中位于约61ppm处的Al(O)4特征峰共同证明胶体具有特殊的Keggin结构,高pH(=7.8)环境下Al13草酸盐胶体仍能保持Keggin结构;经过化学分析,该草酸盐胶体化学式为AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12(C2O4)7/2.     

Al(Ⅲ)与Fe(Ⅲ)溶液共聚合研究

以AlCl_3·6H_2O和FeCl_3·6H_2O混合溶液通过滴加NaOH溶液的方法制备了不同Al/Fe(摩尔比,下同)和不同[OH]_b/[Al+Fe]值的共聚物.测定了聚合过程和熟化过程中的pH值变化,并对不同碱化度和熟化时间下的聚合物进行了混凝效能实验.结果表明,在共聚过程中,Fe(Ⅲ)与 OH~-的络合速度比Ai(Ⅲ)快,即 Fe(Ⅲ)具有较强的共聚合活性.Al/Fe,[OH」_b/[Al+Fe]值对铝铁共聚物形态分布有明显影响.不同条件下共聚物混凝对比实验表明,在Al/Fe为5:5,[OH]_b/[Al+Fe]为 1.6,熟化时间为24h时,显示出了较优异的混凝效能.     

藻菌生物膜胞外聚合物(EPS)与Al3+的配位作用机理

利用三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)和傅立叶转换红外光谱(FTIR)研究了藻菌生物膜EPS与Al3+的相互作用机理.3DEEM结果表明,生物膜EPS含有3个荧光峰.其中,峰A(Ex/Em=225～235 nm/300～330 nm)和峰B(Ex/Em=275～280nm/325～330 nm)荧光较强,属类蛋白峰,峰C(Ex/Em=335 nm/432～434 nm)荧光较弱,属类腐殖酸峰.峰A和峰B都能不同程度地被Al3+猝灭,它们的条件稳定常数(logK)分别为5.89和6.95.Al3+-EPS体系的峰A和峰B荧光强度明显受溶液pH值的影响.在pH为2～4之间时,荧光强度随pH的增大而增大,在4～7之间随pH的增大而减小,在7～11之间随pH增大而增大.FTIR光谱网分析表明,Al3+主要与EPS中所含的-NH-、C=O等发生强的配位作用.     

纳米TiO2光催化氧化异丙醇和丙酮反应的研究

分别研究了纳米TiO2 在主波长为 364nm的汞灯光照下催化氧化i C3H7OH和CH3COCH3水溶液的反应速率 .通过XRD ,TEM ,BET和FT IR PAS对催化剂进行表征 ,粉末的晶型主要为锐钛矿型 .平均粒径在 1 5nm左右 ,比表面积为 1 0 1 0± 0 2m2 ·g- 1 ,FT IR PAS的检测结果表明 ,CH3COCH3是i C3H7OH光催化氧化的中间产物 ,其光催化氧化反应为 :i C3H7OH [O]CH3COCH3[O]CH3COOH[O]…[O]CO2 H2 O     

ZnO/g-C_3N_4复合型光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

以三聚氰胺(C_3H_6N_6)为前驱体,采用热解法合成类石墨相氮化碳(g-C_3N_4),再将其与乙酸锌[Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O]以不同质量比复合煅烧法合成光催化剂Zn O/g-C_3N_4,并用SEM、XRD和DRS等对其进行了表征分析.以亚甲基蓝(MB)为模拟污染物,考察了Zn O/g-C_3N_4光催化剂的可见光催化性能;探究了添加不同活性物种捕获剂后对可见光催化性能的影响,进而推测了MB的降解机理.结果表明,与单纯的Zn O和g-C_3N_4相比,Zn O/g-C_3N_4复合型光催化剂的光催化性能有所提高,其中Zn O的含量为0.05wt%时光催化性能最佳,降解率能达到80%;羟基自由基(·OH)、光生空穴(h+)和超氧自由基(·O-2)是使MB有效降解的活性物种.     

典型羟基化多溴联苯醚(OH-PBDEs)小鼠肝微粒体的体外代谢及关键代谢CYP450酶系的研究

羟基化多溴联苯醚(OH-PBDEs)是一类具有内分泌干扰效应的酚类化合物,本研究以小鼠肝脏微粒体作为研究对象,考察了4种典型OH-PBDEs(3-OH-BDE-47、5-OH-BDE-47、6-OH-BDE-47和2′-OH-BDE-68)的体外代谢.研究结果表明,4种OH-PBDEs在小鼠肝脏微粒体中均能被代谢;OH-PBDE结构上的醚键(O)、羟基(OH)和溴原子(Br)的相对位置会影响其代谢效率,OH位于苯环上醚键邻位更有利于其代谢,即6-OH-BDE-47表现出相对较高的代谢率;抑制剂实验发现CYP1A2和CYP3A4是4种典型OH-PBDEs主要的CYP450代谢亚型.     

稀水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)光化学还原的研究

研究了稀水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的光化学还原过程,考察了·OH自由基俘获剂的种类、结构及溶液pH值对Cr(Ⅵ)还原的影响结果表明稀水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原过程分化学还原与光化学还原两步进行,前者为直接氧化还原过程,后者则经历自由基反应;·OH自由基俘获剂中羟基的数量和位置对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原均有影响,羟基α位碳上氢原子数量愈多,碳氢键强度愈小,愈有利于Cr(Ⅵ)还原;溶液pH值对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原有重要影响,随着pH值的升高,其还原率和反应速率均下降,当pH≥70时,Cr(Ⅵ)的还原基本停止     

聚硅氯化铝的水解形态与Al-Ferron反应动力学

以铝酸钠为碱化剂合成了具有不同 Si/Al摩尔比的聚硅氯化铝(2.0mol·l-1左右),利用Al-Ferron和Al-NMR研究了铝的水解聚合形态和动力学过程.结果表明,用NaAlO2作碱化剂制备的聚合铝混凝剂与Na2CO3制备的混凝剂相比,Alb减少,Alc增加.随着Si/Al摩尔比的增加,Alb/Al13形态的含量逐渐减小,高聚体Al形态含量逐渐增大.Al-Ferron络合动力学符合准一级化学反应方程,拟合方程式中的部分常数与Al形态含量密切相关,并随制备方法和Si/Al摩尔比的变化而呈规律性变化.     

H2O2—Fe^2＋法处理3—羟基—2—萘甲酸生产废水

采用H2O2-Fe^2 处理3-羟基-2-萘甲酸（简称2，3酸）生产废水，在pH为2.8-2.9(原液），[FeSO4.7H2O]为0.5kg/t废水，[H2O2]为5L/t废水，t为20min，TY国60℃-80℃时，COD去除率可达94%左右。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.