沂河4条支流浮游植物多样性季节动态与水质评价

2006年11月—2007年8月对沂河4条支流水体浮游植物展开调查. 结果表明:东汶河、蒙河、涑河和柳青河内检测到的浮游植物分别为75,67,70和80种,浮游植物种类组成和细胞密度季节变化明显. 东汶河、蒙河、涑河和柳青河水体浮游植物Shannon-Wiener指数分别为2.97～3.96,3.05～3.35,2.86～4.02和1.74～2.89;Margalef指数分别为2.92～4.42,2.44～4.03,3.07～5.38和1.23～2.76;Pielou指数分别为0.78～0.92,0.71～0.94,0.73～0.89和0.48～0.90. 4条支流的细胞密度分别为1.54×107～5.69×107,0.28×107～12.64×107,0.97×107～3.19×107和4.17×107～9.96×107 L-1. 综合水质评价结果:东汶河和蒙河为β-中污型—寡污型,涑河为β-中污型—清洁型,柳青河为α-中污型—β-中污型. 水质从优至劣排序为涑河＞东汶河＞蒙河＞柳青河. 东汶河和涑河为温度制约型,蒙河和柳青河为温度和营养盐制约型.      

“稀释置换”对海河浮游植物群落结构的影响

该研究于2015年夏季蓝藻暴发期对海河干流浮游植物群落结构特征进行调查分析,并以此为基础评价海河干流水域的营养水平及水质污染类型。研究结果表明:4次调查共鉴定浮游植物6门56种(属),其中绿藻门29种(属),蓝藻门13种(属),硅藻门8种(属),甲藻门、裸藻门、隐藻门各2种(属),主要优势种为蓝藻门的微囊藻、巨颤藻、小席藻和色球藻。浮游植物的平均丰度为15 319.4×104个/L,蓝藻门种类对总平均丰度的贡献为95.67%;浮游植物平均生物量为17.87 mg/L,蓝藻门占总平均生物量的53.31%;海河浮游植物丰度和生物量的分布呈现一致性,从上游至下游呈先升高后降低的趋势。依据浮游植物丰度及3种浮游植物群落指数评价结果表明,海河干流水域的水体均为重度富营养化状态,污染状态为中污型。比较分析结果表明:采用不定期、小水体地稀释置换已暴发蓝藻水华的海河干流水体这一应急处置蓝藻水华方式,未对海河浮游植物群落结构、营养状态及污染水平产生本质上的影响。     

穗花狐尾藻和金鱼藻对白洋淀水质影响的原位围隔试验

在白洋淀建成14个原位围隔(9 m2/个),分别按10、20和30株/m2的密度种植穗花狐尾藻、金鱼藻,研究不同密度穗花狐尾藻和金鱼藻在调控水体富营养化方面的效能与稳定性.结果表明:穗花狐尾藻和金鱼藻能有效控制浮游植物的生物量并改善水体SD(透明度),其中密度为10株/m2穗花狐尾藻(平均长度为83 cm,平均湿质量为37.1 g)和密度为20株/m2金鱼藻(平均长度为68 cm,平均湿质量为31.2 g)的围隔控制效果明显,水体中ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)都明显下降,SD增加,浮游植物多样性明显增加,水体营养状态指数(TSIM)明显下降;但高密度沉水植物可能造成水体ρ(Chla)和营养盐含量的反弹.研究证明,种植合理密度的穗花狐尾藻、金鱼藻有利于改善白洋淀水质.      

三峡水库汛后蓄水期典型支流溶解氧与叶绿素a垂向分布特征

采用2018年9月对三峡水库典型一级支流——香溪河和神农溪回水区水质监测数据,分析和对比了香溪河和神农溪的溶解氧和叶绿素a等指标垂向分布特征,讨论了影响其垂向分布的环境因子.结果表明,香溪河与神农溪的溶解氧含量在表层0～10 m和0～12 m水体分层现象明显,且随水深增加而递减.其表层水体的溶解氧饱和度S_(DO)分别为139.20%和107.78%,已经达到过度饱和状态(S_(DO)100%);中层与底层水体溶解氧浓度较稳定,无分层现象.香溪河和神农溪回水区水体中叶绿素a垂向分布与溶解氧分布的规律一致,表层水体中叶绿素a浓度整体上表现为中度富营养化(5μg·L~(-1)Chl-a20μg·L~(-1)).Pearson相关性分析显示,香溪河与神农溪水体中的溶解氧与水温、浮游植物垂向分布之间存在显著相关性,水温分层以及浮游植物的生命活动是影响溶解氧垂向分布的关键因素.叶绿素a与水温和pH呈现出显著的正相关性,与浊度表现为显著负相关性,表明浮游植物垂向分布主要受光照强度沿水深衰减和水温分层现象的影响.     

淮河干流及主要支流夏季浮游植物群落生物多样性评价

浮游植物是水生态系统的重要组成部分,其群落变化与水体环境条件密切相关,是反映河流健康的主要生物指标.为揭示淮河流域浮游植物群落特征及其与水质的相互关系,于2015年夏季对淮河流域典型水体—淮河干流、沙颍河、涡河和淠河进行系统的水质及浮游植物调查,探明浮游植物群落及其空间分布特征,并结合水体理化指标和生物指数进行水质评价.结果表明,淮河干流及主要支流27个点位中共获得浮游植物8门71属153种,主要隶属于绿藻门(Chlorophyta)、硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)、蓝藻门(Cyanophyta).浮游植物密度为0.019×10~5~131.824×10~5ind·L~(-1),不同河段浮游植物分布表现出较为显著的空间差异性,平均密度大小呈现沙颖河淮河干流涡河淠河的特点.非参数多维尺度分析(Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling,NMDS)表明,淮河干流、淠河和涡河的浮游植物群落组成和结构的相似性较高,而与沙颍河的浮游植物群落存在一定的差异.Shannon多样性指数H'介于0.78~3.21之间,Margalef丰富度指数D介于1.03~4.79之间,Pielou均匀度指数J介于0.12~0.73之间.水质生物评价结果显示,淮河流域大部分水体处于中等污染状况,部分点位处于重污染状况,其结果与水质综合污染指数评价结果具有较好的一致性.研究结果可为淮河水污染防治和水生态修复提供基础依据.     

2014年秋季大沽河河口浮游植物多样性研究

于2014年9月对大活河口附近海域进行浮游植物监测.共检出浮游植物45种,其中硅藻占93.3％,甲藻占6.7％.浮游植物丰度变化范围为38.5～837.5×104个/m3,平均为273.7×104个/m3.D6点位处丰度最高,D1丰度最低.运用Shannon-Wiener(H’)多样性指数评价,监测站位H’范围为0.94～3.43,平均为1.9.各站位中,生境质量优良站位仅有16.7％,一般的站位占8.3％;差和极差的站位占到75.0％.大沽河河口及附近海域浮游植物群落结构脆弱,生境质量较差.     

不同营养状态水体中生态浮床对浮游植物群落的影响

为研究不同营养状态下水体中浮游植物群落对生态浮床系统的响应关系及其影响因素,设不同营养水平试验组〔A组ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(TP)分别为10.0、2.00、0.200 mg/L,B组分别为100.0、20.00、2.000 mg/L〕,每组设对照、框式浮床2个处理,每个处理3个重复. 自2012年8月5日—10月5日,定期对水体营养盐质量浓度、浮游生物群落特征、浮床植物的生长状况进行检测. 结果显示:①2个试验组浮床植物长势良好,其中B组浮床植物茎叶部分干物质量增加7.9倍,浮床系统对水体N、P的净去除率均在60%以上;②浮床系统能明显抑制浮游植物的大量生长(P＜0.05),对浮游植物密度和总生物量在峰值处的最大抑制率可达75.9%(A组)和83.6%(B组);③框式浮床处理中浮游植物的群落结构比对照处理复杂,A组中浮游植物优势种为隐藻门的卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata)、尖尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas acuta)和绿藻门的四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)、小空星藻(Coelastrum microporum),B组为隐藻门的尖尾蓝隐藻和裸藻门的梭形裸藻(Euglena acus);④B组试验中,框式浮床处理浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著高于对照处理,生态浮床对浮游植物群落的影响更多体现在提升浮游植物的生物多样性上. 研究表明,浮床系统能高效去除水体N、P,抑制浮游植物的增殖,改变浮游植物的群落结构,并且这些作用受到水体营养水平的影响.      

西安市汉城湖浮游植物群落结构与水质状况分析

为探究汉城浮游植物群落结构特点并确定水体营养化程度,于2015年对汉城湖水体浮游植物群落结构和主要理化因子进行了调查与分析。结果表明:共检测出浮游植物7门44属,其中绿藻门19属,蓝藻门10属,硅藻门6属,金藻门3属,隐藻门、甲藻门和裸藻门各2属;浮游植物细胞密度变化范围为1.42×10~4~24.18×10~4个/L,平均值为11.20×10~4个/L;浮游植物主要优势属为鞘丝藻属(Lyngbya)、锥囊藻属(Dinobryon)、隐藻属(Cryptomonas)、蓝隐藻属(Chroomonas)、平裂藻属(Merismopedia)、裸藻属(Euglene)和裸囊藻属(Trachelomonas)等;浮游植物优势种、污染指示种、多样性指数和水体综合营养状态指数TLI(∑)的综合分析显示,汉城湖水体整体处于中-富营养化状态,秋季水质最差,春季水质最好,氮、磷的含量有逐渐增加的趋势,水体从上游至下游逐渐被净化。     

基于种群、功能群对比分析洞庭湖浮游植物群落驱动因素及水质评价

浮游植物是水生态系统中最重要的组成部分,因其对水环境变化敏感而常被用于指示水环境状态,但其对环境的响应受分类方法的影响.为了解洞庭湖浮游植物种群(门、属)和功能群(FG)两种分类法对环境的驱动响应特征和适用性,于2019年3～12月分水期对该湖共进行了4次采样,比较分析了浮游植物种群和功能群的分布特征及其与环境因子的响应关系,并对比了TLI指数、 Shannon-Wiener指数、Q指数等评价方法在洞庭湖的适用性.结果表明,洞庭湖共检出浮游植物6门61属,可划分为23个功能群和9个优势功能群,功能群演替趋势为P/MP/D(3月)■月)■月)■(12月).层次分割结果表明,洞庭湖浮游植物的种群分布与变化受环境因子的驱动大于空间驱动;影响浮游植物种群和功能群的主要环境因子为水温(WT)、高锰酸盐指数、溶解氧(DO)、电导率(Cond)、水位(WL)和总磷(TP),环境因子对两者的独立解释性排序相差不大.RDA分析表明,浮游植物功能群对环境因子的响应要优于浮游植物种群.综合对比分析发现,利用Q指数进行水质评价在洞庭湖水体有较好的适用性.     

香溪河库湾春季pCO2与浮游植物生物量的关系

测定了春季香溪河库湾的水温(WT)、pH、HCO3-浓度、溶氧(DO)及叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度等参数.根据化学平衡和亨利定律计算二氧化碳分压(pCO2),以薄层扩散模型计算碳通量.结果表明,香溪河库湾春季表层水体pCO2在8.34～168.70μatm间波动,平均为49.01μatm.空间上,pCO2自上游到河口呈明显上升趋势,Chl-a浓度则逐渐下降.时间上,昼夜pCO2在74.43～168.70μatm间波动,平均为117.92μatm,Chl-a浓度在2.22～4.55 mg.m-3之间,平均为3.04 mg.m-3.香溪河库湾春季表层水体pCO2与Chl-a浓度之间存在极显著的负相关关系(r=-0.844,P<0.01),浮游植物光合作用是pCO2的主要影响因子.香溪河库湾春季是CO2的汇,CO2吸收速率为-35.17 mmol.(m2.d)-1.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.