基于热流固耦合的双槽阶梯槽应力变形分析

目的 获得双槽阶梯槽的干气密封性能。方法 运用热流固耦合方法,对双槽阶梯槽、单螺旋槽密封动、静环进行变形与应力分析,得到在不同工况下2种槽型密封环的变形图和应力分布图,讨论不同工况对2种槽型密封环变形量和应力的影响规律。结果 随压力的增加,单螺旋槽密封环最大变形量的增长率低于双槽阶梯槽,而双槽阶梯槽密封环最大应力值的增长率高于单螺旋槽。随转速的增加,2种槽型密封环的变形量均减小。在转速为25 000 r/min时,双槽阶梯槽动环的最大变形量比单螺旋槽低13.7%。在转速变化范围内,单螺旋槽和双槽阶梯槽的最大应力值分别下降了8%、13.9%。随着转速的增加,相对应的2槽型密封环最大应力值的差值越大。结论 双槽阶梯槽密封环最大变形量和最大应力的增长率均高于单螺旋槽,双槽阶梯槽密封环的变形量和最大应力值均小于单螺旋槽。这表明在高速工况下,双槽阶梯槽运行更稳定。     

衍生T形槽干气密封稳态性能研究

目的 设计具备双向旋转特点的动压型干气密封端面结构,并展现良好的开启性能,以T形槽为优化对象,衍生出一种新型槽型结构。方法 借助有限元软件,计算并对比经典T形槽与衍生槽型在流场特性和稳态性能方面的差异,探讨不同参数对2种槽型干气密封稳态性能的影响规律,揭示衍生槽型的密封机理。结果 衍生槽型的开启力高于经典T形槽,泄漏率也会增加。随着工况参数的升高,2种槽型的稳态性能参数近似线性增加,且差异逐渐增大,最小差异达到6.6%。随着槽深的增加,泄漏率方面的差距在逐渐减小,为扩大衍生槽型的控漏效果,槽深应>5μm。开设有引流槽型结构的衍生槽型稳态性能顺序为发散型>直口型>收敛型,但在文中的工况下,数值差别较小,最大仅为1.2%。结论 相比于经典T形槽,衍生槽型具有更强的动压效应,开启性能明显提升。另外,通过开设不同形式的引流槽可以改变气膜的流动特性和干气密封性能。     

非接触式间隙密封旋转接头动力学建模与分析

目的研究非接触式间隙密封旋转接头的动力学特性。方法针对一种典型的间隙密封旋转接头,建立考虑非线性油膜力、转子旋转运动和浮环振动等因素的系统动力学方程,采用数值仿真分析油膜间隙、转速、密封圈刚度等对转子和浮环运动的影响。结果间隙越大,转子运动幅值越大,转子与浮环的相对运动位移也越大;随着转速的升高,转子和浮环运动幅值先增大后减小;随着密封圈刚度的增大,转子和浮环的运动幅值先增大后减小。结论建立的动力学模型可用于分析非接触式间隙密封旋转接头的动力学特性,为旋转接头设计提供了理论方法。     

火箭发动机贮箱振动特性分析

为了研究某发动机充液和空载2种工况下贮箱的振动特性,利用流固耦合理论计算了2种工况下贮箱的模态和频率响应。结果表明：在充液工况下,各阶湿模态频率是空载时候干模态的0．5倍;在5—800Hz的激振条件下,空载工况下贮箱在第4阶模态处与外界振动激励发生共振;充液工况下贮箱在第3阶模态处与外界振动激励发生共振,空载状态下贮箱的频率响应的位移最大值为1×10mm,充液状态下贮箱频率响应的位移最大值为1×10^-57mm;充液使贮箱振幅减小,但使贮箱更容易与外界发生共振。     

超重力模拟试验离心机振动特性的回归分析

目的 研究试验离心机轴承座以及主轴振动随运行工况的变化规律,实现不同工况下离心机振动的预测。方法 通过试验方法分别获取不同工况下超重力模拟试验离心机的轴承座以及轴振数据。建立试验离心机的单自由度动力学模型,基于该模型,对不同工况下离心机基座振动加速度以及主轴振动位移进行回归分析。结果 离心机轴承座以及主轴振动基频均随着转速以及不平衡量的增大而增大。回归模型对轴承座以及机室基频振动数据的回决定系数均在0.9以上,对中导以及上导主轴振动位移的回归决定系数在0.7左右,对下导主轴振动位移决定系数小于0.1。结论 回归模型可以很好地解释和预测轴承座以及机室振动基频随着转速和不平衡量的变化规律,可以部分预测中导以及上导处主轴振动位移随运行工况的变化。该分析结果为大型试验离心机振动监测系统的设计以及振动特性的预测提供了参考。     

液体发动机涡轮泵端面密封贮存变形研究

为研究长期贮存下涡轮泵端面密封变形对液体火箭发动机安全使用的影响,对端面密封在长期贮存条件下的变形情况和失效机理进行了研究,给出了长期贮存的端面密封静环组件最大变形量,对端面密封泄漏率进行了理论计算.为开展地面漏气和漏液试验设计,加工了模拟变形静环组件,通过试验建立了静环组件变形与漏气和漏液关系数学模型.研究表明长期贮存条件下涡轮泵端面密封变形导致的介质泄漏会给发动机安全使用造成隐患,研究结果将为长期贮存条件下的液体火箭发动机安全使用提供重要参考.     

T型槽密封结构的有限元分析及试验验证

目的通过有限元分析,实现T型密封结构的优化设计。方法利用ABAQUS建立液压系统用T型槽密封结构的二维轴对称模型,分析计算密封结构中过渡圆角、槽宽、倾斜角度等对密封圈应力分布、接触应力的影响,通过设计密封圈老化寿命试验,验证分析结论。结果随着过渡圆角(R0.5～R2)的增大、倾斜角度(10°～3°)的减小,密封圈的局部应力最大值和接触应力均减小。随着槽宽(10～18mm)的增加,密封圈的局部应力最大值逐渐增加,接触应力逐渐减小。分析用密封结构的接触应力均大于密封介质压力0.7 MPa。最终通过试验证实了分析用密封结构均满足密封性能,且不合理的设计会降低密封圈寿命。结论在密封介质压力较小的情况下,建议选用较大的过渡圆角(推荐值为R2),较小的倾斜角度(推荐值为5°～6°)及槽宽(推荐值为密封圈截面直径的1.2～1.5倍)。     

气相法聚丙烯装置卧式反应釜浮动端轴承失效分析及对策

对导致装置停工的卧式搅拌床气相反应釜浮动端轴承失效进行分析,采用轴承迷宫密封和冲洗吹扫方式,改善高粉尘运行工况下轴承的工作环境,通过增加轴承换油系统,实现了高压密闭环境下的轴承润滑脂的添加和排放,确保轴承润滑良好,提高了轴承的运行周期,大大降低了装置停工检修和开工停工带来的安全风险,提高了装置运行水平。     

基于时频分析的裂纹转子碰摩故障特征研究

为研究转子系统耦合故障特性,采用有限元方法建立了含有横向裂纹、转静碰摩的非线性转子动力学模型。首先研究了不同转速下裂纹、碰摩单一故障下转子系统的振动响应,其次研究了两种故障耦合情况下系统的振动响应特征。采用波形图、FFT谱图、瞬时频率和Hilbert-Huang时频谱(HHS)相结合的方法对故障转子振动信号进行了分析。分析结果表明:运用多种时频分析相结合的方法可以较为全面地了解转子的故障特征,裂纹转子在1/5、1/3临界转速时会发生较为明显的5X、3X谐波,且裂纹的产生会导致响应幅值增大,从而引起更为严重的碰摩。      

船舶撞击下10 MW单桩基础风机动力响应特性分析

目的 探究风机在遭遇船舶撞击时的动力响应,以及不同工况下的失效模式。方法 采用 SACS 软件,建立DTU 10MW单桩基础风机的动力分析模型,并利用p-y曲线模拟桩土相互作用,计算不同撞击速度、撞击角度、风载方向作用下海上风机的动态响应,探究风机在停机工况和运行工况下的失效模式。结果 风机受风载作用时,最大机舱加速度和塔顶最大位移分别较无风载时增加了8.5%、68.1%。以5 000 t撞击船为例,风机在停机状态下,撞击速度超过2.13 m/s时,风机面临因机舱故障而引发的失效;风机在运行状态下,撞击速度超过1.88 m/s时,风机面临因挠度超过最大允许值而引发的失效。结论 有、无风载时,机舱加速度响应的差异不明显,而有风载时的塔顶位移较无风载时增长明显。根据风机在停机工况和运行工况下的失效模式,提出了相应的船舶撞击速度临界值。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.