脉冲电晕放电治理有机废气的研究--放电反应器结构

对脉冲电晕法治理甲苯有机废气进行了实验,考察了放电反应器结构及参数对其性能的影响.结果表明,对线-筒式反应器,当直径较小时,去除率较高,但易发生火花放电,实验条件下直径20mm的反应器效果较好.若采用陶瓷管反应器,其效果较金属管明显提高,脉冲峰值电压Vp为42kV时,可使甲苯的去除率由40%提高到61%左右.对线-板式反应器,放电间隙越大,甲苯的去除率越低,使用陶瓷板反应器可使甲苯去除率明显提高.     

脉冲电晕法治理甲苯废气实验研究

有机废气的污染日益受到重视,现有的控制技术尚不完善。采用脉冲电晕法对去除甲苯模拟废气进行了实验研究,考察了反应器结构、脉冲电压峰值、气体浓度、停留时间和水汽含量等不同因素对去除率的影响。实验结果表明本法能达到较好的去除效果,在线 筒式反应器的最高去除率为35％,在线 板式反应器的最高去除率达81％,反应后的最终产物为CO、CO₂和H₂O。     

脉冲电晕放电治疗有机废气的研究—放电反应器结构

对脉冲电晕法治理甲苯有机废气进行了实验，考察了放电反应器结构及参数对其性能的影响。结果表明，对线－筒式反应器，当直径较小时，去除率较高，但易发生火花放电，实验条件下直径２０ｍｍ的反应器效果较好。若采用陶瓷管反应器，其效果较金属管明显提高，脉冲峰值电压Ｖｐ为４２ｋＶ时，可使甲苯的去除率由４０％提高到６１％左右。对线－板式反应器，放电间隙越大，甲苯的去除率越低，使用陶瓷板反应器可使甲苯去除率明显提高，     

脉冲放电条件下用高炉煤气洗涤水脱硫的研究

采用自行设计的针-针式电极结构的等离子体反应器装置,在脉冲电晕放电作用下利用武汉钢铁(集团)公司2#焦炉的高炉煤气洗涤水进行了烟气脱硫模拟试验,考察了喷淋水种类、循环次数、液气比、电压峰值对SO2去除效果的影响,并对脱硫的产物进行了分析;考察了脉冲放电、SO2对氰化物去除效果的影响.研究结果表明:高炉煤气洗涤水具有较好...     

在氧化和还原氛围下脉冲电晕法降解二硫化碳废气

采用线-筒式脉冲电晕反应器对二硫化碳(CS2)模拟废气的去除效果进行了实验研究.实验以氩气为载气,考察了氧气和氢气对CS2去除效果的影响.结果表明CS2的去除率随脉冲电压升高而增大;氧气能够促进CS2的氧化分解,CS2去除率可达97%;有氧气存在时,CS2的最终氧化分解产物为CO、CO2、COS和SO2;当添加氢气时,反应产物主要为H2S和CH4.当反应器内筒表面加Ca(OH)2吸收剂时,CS2去除率有小幅度提高,同时气体产物中未检测到SO2和H2S,表明CS2的分解产物SO2和H2S气体被反应器中的Ca(OH)2吸收.实验还发现水汽的存在不利于CS2的氧化分解     

脉冲电晕法去除甲苯废气的研究

对脉冲电晕等离子体技术净化有机污染物甲苯进行了实验研究,考察脉冲峰值电压、脉冲频率、气体流量、气体入口质量浓度等因素对净化效率的影响.结果表明:甲苯去除率随脉冲峰值电压、脉冲频率增大而升高,随气体流量、气体进口质量浓度增大而降低;对低浓度、大流量的甲苯废气能达到较好的去除效果,最高去除率可达85.4%.     

双极性脉冲高压介质阻挡放电降解氯苯和甲苯

将双极性脉冲高压引入介质阻挡反应器(螺旋棒式不锈钢电极、石英玻璃介质),分别对氯苯和甲苯的分解特性进行了实验研究.结果发现,这种放电形式可以高效注入能量,兼有脉冲电晕放电和介质阻挡放电的特点.脉冲高压使电场强度急剧增强,瞬间产生大功率放电和高能粒子,可以实现对VOCs化学键的高效裂解.与工频交流高压、单极性脉冲高压的试验结果比较表明,双极性脉冲高压取得了最高的降解效果;氯苯比甲苯难以分解.     

电晕-催化技术治理甲苯废气的实验研究

利用脉冲电源供能,在有、无催化剂存在的２类电晕反应器中,对甲苯的去除效果进行了实验对比,并考察了影响甲苯去除率的主要因素。结果表明,对于线－筒式对反应器,在４２ＫＶ的峰值电压下,使用Ｍｎ或Ｆｅ催化剂使甲苯的去除率分别提高了２７％和２３％,去除率均在８０％以上,能量利用率约为３０Ｗ．ｈ／ｍ＾３。     

光助芬顿反应催化降解气体中甲苯

以甲苯作为挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)的代表,利用连续进气动态实验装置,研究光助芬顿反应降解气体中甲苯的作用.考察了芬顿试剂溶液初始p H、H2O2浓度、Fe2+浓度以及甲苯初始浓度对降解甲苯的影响,并利用在线质谱和色谱对产物进行了定性、定量分析.结果表明,紫外光照加快了羟基自由基的生成,显著提高了气体中甲苯的去除率;p H=3.0、H2O2浓度为20 mmol·L-1、Fe2+浓度为0.3 mmol·L-1的条件下,甲苯去除率最高;当甲苯初始浓度为260 mg·m-3时,去除率能够达到98%;光助芬顿反应催化降解气体中甲苯实验未检测到CO2之外的中间产物,CO2产率分析表明去除的甲苯全部转化为CO2.     

气中电晕放电对水中苯酚的氧化

讨论了一种新的去除水中有害有机分子的方法：在水溶液中形成低温等离子体电晕放电，产生具有化学活性的粒子扩散到水中，氧化水中的有机物，在本实验中用的是苯酚。实验测量了这种情况下的脉冲电晕放电的电压和电流波形图，讨论了自由基捕获剂的存在对溶液COD的影响和pH值对降解率的影响，并用气相色谱仪在吸收波长为210nm处测定脉冲电晕放电处理后的苯酚溶液的色谱图。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.