反硝化聚磷机理试验

通过实验研究缺氧反硝化聚磷，揭示DPB细菌在厌氧和缺氧交替环境下的厌氧解释、缺氧反硝化化吸磷及CODcr变化规律。结果表明，DPB细胞在缺氧条件下可利用NO3^-作最终电子受体进行吸磷，其吸磷效果及反硝化速率高于常规脱氮除磷工艺。     

厌氧／缺氧SBR反硝化除磷效能的研究

采用厌氧 缺氧SBR反应器对以硝酸盐作为电子受体的反硝化除磷过程进行了研究。结果表明 ,反硝化聚磷菌完全可以在厌氧 缺氧交替运行条件下得到富集。稳定运行的厌氧 缺氧SBR反应器的反硝化除磷效率 >90 % ,出水磷浓度 <1mg L。进水COD浓度对反硝化除磷的效率影响很大 ,在COD浓度 <180mg L时 ,进水COD浓度越高 ,除磷效率也就越高。较高浓度的进水COD浓度将导致有剩余的COD进入缺氧段 ,对反硝化吸磷构成不利影响。污泥龄为 16d时 ,厌氧 缺氧SBR反应器取得稳定和理想的反硝化除磷效果。污泥龄减少到 8d ,由于反硝化聚磷菌的流失导致反硝化除磷效率的下降。当污泥龄恢复到 16d时 ,经过一段时间的运行 ,反硝化聚磷菌重新得到富集 ,除磷效率恢复到 90 %以上。     

亚硝酸盐对反硝化聚磷菌除磷性能的影响

为考察亚硝酸盐对反硝化聚磷菌（DPB）的影响，试验以模拟污水为研究对象，采用2个相同的SBR反应器，分别进行亚硝酸盐浓度对DPB的抑制影响和亚硝酸盐对DPB驯化过程的研究。结果表明，当亚硝酸盐浓度高于20 mg/L时，未经亚硝酸盐驯化的DPB反硝化除磷性能受到明显抑制，而经过亚硝酸盐驯化后的DPB在亚硝酸盐浓度为32 mg/L左右时，依然保持良好的反硝化吸磷性能，但以亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化吸磷速率要比硝酸盐为电子受体的低21%。由此说明，亚硝酸盐对DPB反硝化除磷的抑制作用是相对的，可通过亚硝酸盐对DPB的诱导驯化来降低此抑制作用，但硝酸盐比亚硝酸盐更适合作为DPB反硝化除磷的电子受体。     

不同碳源和泥龄对反硝化聚磷的影响

在4个SBR装置(1#~4#)中,对4种不同比例的丙酸/乙酸合成废水采用厌氧/缺氧方式驯化富集反硝化聚磷菌(DPB),研究了碳源浓度和污泥龄对除磷的影响。实验结果表明:(1)厌氧段碳源COD浓度越高,释磷越充分,溶解性正磷酸盐(SOP)去除率越高;但当碳源COD浓度超过某个浓度值时,未反应完全的有机物残留于后续缺氧段对缺氧吸磷产生抑制作用。(2)污泥龄SRT=15 d时,活性污泥的性能较好,达到了较好的除磷效果。(3)在相同碳源浓度和相同的污泥龄下,随着丙酸/乙酸比例的提高,SOP的去除率逐渐的降低。说明在厌氧/缺氧环境下,碳源中丙酸比例的提高不利于系统中磷的去除。高乙酸含量的碳源更适合反硝化除磷系统。     

A2/O工艺缺氧池中反硝化聚磷菌的比例、特性研究及菌株鉴定

用释磷/聚磷装置和微生物筛选、分离方法研究A2/O工艺缺氧池污泥,确定缺氧池中反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)的比例,筛选、分离得反硝化聚磷单菌株且对单菌株聚磷特性进行研究.结果表明,缺氧池中DPB占聚磷菌(PAO)的比例约为21.5%.从缺氧池分离得到的肠杆菌科、气单胞菌属和假单胞菌属都是DPB,而不动杆菌属仅是好氧PAO,葡萄球菌属和微球菌属仅是一种专职的反硝化菌.反应过程中同时存在O2和NO3时,肠杆菌科优先利用水中的O2进行聚磷;在缺氧环境中,肠杆菌科在COD为30mg/L时的聚磷效果优于COD为180 mg/L时的聚磷效果.可见DPB的反硝化和聚磷的特性与电子受体的存在形式和COD有密切关系.因此,改良传统A2/O工艺和研发同步反硝化聚磷装置时,必须控制缺氧反硝化聚磷单元中混合液的DO和COD.     

利用亚硝酸盐为电子受体反硝化聚磷菌的筛选与富集

依据DPB原理,利用SBR动态反应器和静态释/聚磷装置.以A2/O工艺厌氧段污泥为种泥,研究以亚硝酸盐为电子受体反硝化聚磷菌的筛选与富集,同时对选择、富集污泥的反硝化聚磷性能进行了考察.结果表明:利用亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌存在于A2/O厌氧段污泥中,通过厌氧/好氧和厌氧/缺氧方式运行后,聚磷菌总数由1400个/mL增加到32 000个/mL,其中反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌总数的比例也由14.5%提高到81%,磷酸盐和亚硝酸盐去除率分别由最初的8.65%和7.55%上升到91%和95.62%;筛选与富集利用亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌时,缺氧段进水COD的浓度须控制在10 mg/L以下;当体系处于稳定状态,且亚硝酸盐氮浓度高达30 mg/L时,并未对反硝化聚磷菌的生存产生抑制和体系运行产生干扰,此时磷酸盐出水低至1.06 mg/L.     

硝酸盐浓度及投加方式对反硝化除磷的影响

采用SBR反应器，详细研究了硝酸盐浓度及其投加方式对反硝化除磷过程的影响。结果表明，缺氧环境下的反硝化吸磷速率与作为电子受体的硝酸盐浓度有很大的关系，硝酸盐浓度越高．吸磷速率越快。当硝酸盐浓度较低．不足以氧化反硝化聚磷菌细胞内的PHB从而导致体系反硝化除磷效率的下降。相同浓度的硝酸盐，采用流加的方式可以获得比一次性投加更高的反硝化吸磷速率。缺氧环境下，反硝化脱氮量与磷的吸收量成良好的线性关系．借助于反硝化聚磷菌，反硝化脱氮与除磷可在一种环境中完成，有效解决了废水中COD不足的问题．同时达到了节省能源和降低污泥产量的目的。     

反硝化聚磷菌群的培养驯化

以污水处理厂二沉池的活性污泥为种泥,采用SBR反应器初步完成了反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)的培养与驯化.在第1阶段的30 d里,污泥进行了厌氧-好氧驯化,聚磷菌好氧吸磷最终可基本稳定在85%左右,然后转变驯化条件进行第2阶段的厌氧-缺氧驯化,60 d后磷的去除率稳定在70%左右.通过实验得出,硝酸盐的消耗量与磷的吸收量基本呈线性关系,认为系统基本完成了污泥的驯化.     

反硝化聚磷菌群的培养驯化

以污水处理厂二沉池的活性污泥为种泥,采用SBR反应器初步完成了反硝化聚磷菌（DPB）的培养与驯化.在第1阶段的30 d里,污泥进行了厌氧-好氧驯化,聚磷菌好氧吸磷最终可基本稳定在85%左右,然后转变驯化条件进行第2阶段的厌氧-缺氧驯化,60 d后磷的去除率稳定在70%左右.通过实验得出,硝酸盐的消耗量与磷的吸收量基本呈线性关系,认为系统基本完成了污泥的驯化.     

城市污水处理厂反硝化聚磷菌的聚磷持久性

以桂林市第四污水处理厂氧化沟活性污泥为对象,研究在具有厌氧-缺氧-好氧环境的污水处理构筑物中富集存在的反硝化聚磷菌聚磷能力的持久性问题。结果表明,在此环境中富集的反硝化聚磷菌在经过3个周期的厌氧-缺氧条件下运行,最大释磷率由0.90 mg P/（g VSS.h）下降为0.07 mg P/（g VSS.h）,反硝化聚磷率由0.17 mg P/（g VSS.h）下降为0.04 mg P/（g VSS.h）。比较而言,在厌氧-缺氧-好氧环境下最大释磷率及聚磷率降幅较小,释磷率由0.59 mg P/（gVSS.h）下降为0.37 mg P/（g VSS.h）,反硝化聚磷率由0.17 mg P/（g VSS.h）下降为0.10 mg P/（g VSS.h）,厌氧-缺氧-好氧运行条件比单纯的厌氧-缺氧运行条件更有利于维持反硝化聚磷菌的聚磷性能。     

Microbiology of high-sodium-nitrite-wastewater treatment

A microbiological study conducted as a complement to kinetic studies of biological denitrification as a process for treating high-sodium-nitrite wastewaters generated from ship-boiler-tube cleaning is described. The number, genera, and denitrifying capabilities of the organisms inhabiting anoxic suspended-growth reactors used in the kinetic studies were evaluated for four experimental phases. The results regarding the enumeration of bacteria supported the findings of the kinetic studies as follows: (i) the better nitrite-removal efficiencies observed in the nitrification/denitrification system as compared with direct denitrification were confirmed by the presence of larger populations of organisms capable of completely reducing nitrate or nitrite; (ii) the presence of metals in concentrations associated with boiler-tube wastewater did not affect removal performance in the nitrification/denitrification systems, nor did it affect the density of complete denitrifiers; (iii) increasing sludge ages resulted in increasing nitrite-removal efficiencies as well as populations of complete denitrifiers; and (iv) a decrease in nitrate-removal efficiencies when the actual wastewater was introduced to a system that had been acclimated to the synthetic wastewater coincided with a reduction in the number of complete denitrifiers. Regarding the types of organisms found in this study, denitrifying strains of Alcaligenes and Pseudomonas were always present in the anoxic reactors along with other denitrifying and non-denitrifying bacteria of the same genera, or other genera such as Acinetobacter and Flavobacterium. However, members of the genus Alcaligenes were the only complete denitrifiers found in the anoxic reactors, and hence they are likely to play a key role in the denitrification process.     

A method for measuring the anoxic biodegradability under denitrifying conditions

A test for assessing the anoxic biodegradability of organic compounds under denitrifying conditions is proposed. The method is based on the recovery and quantification of the CO2 produced, which is evidence of complete biodegradation of the test compound (added as the sole carbon source). The tests were carried out in a mineral medium, with nitrate as electron acceptor. Whole lake sediments, sediment extracts and a commercial inoculum were assayed as a possible inoculum source by means of glucose biodegradability tests. It was found that the sediment extracts constitute a suitable and environmentally-relevant inoculum source, since they add non-significant amounts of carbon to the tests. Two xenobiotic compounds, namely, aniline and phenol, were tested in the aforementioned conditions as well as in a standard aerobic biodegradability test. Both aniline and phenol attained a biodegradation level higher than 60% in a short time period (<28 days) and thus can be considered as readily biodegradable in denitrifying environments. Nevertheless, the kinetics obtained in the anoxic test were slower than in aerobic conditions, and even suggested the accumulation of intermediate metabolites in the case of phenol. The results of this study indicate that the fate of xenobiotic compounds under anoxic conditions differs from that observed in an oxic environment, and therefore it should be considered by standard biodegradability testing procedures.     

Molecular characterization of denitrifying bacteria isolated from the anoxic reactor of a modified DEPHANOX plant performing enhanced biological phosphorus removal

Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) under anoxic conditions was achieved using a Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) system based on a modification of the DEPHANOX configuration. Double-probe Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) revealed that Polyphosphate Accumulating Organisms (PAOs) comprised 12.3 +/- 3.2% of the total bacterial population in the modified DEPHANOX plant. The growing bacterial population on blood agar and Casitone Glycerol Yeast Autolysate agar (CGYA) medium was 16.7 +/- 0.9 x 10(5) and 3.0 +/- 0.6 x 10(5) colony forming units (cfu) mL(-1) activated sludge, respectively. A total of 121 bacterial isolates were characterized according to their denitrification ability, with 26 bacterial strains being capable of reducing nitrate to gas. All denitrifying isolates were placed within the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-subdivisions of Proteobacteria and the family Flavobacteriaceae. Furthermore, a novel denitrifying bacterium within the genus Pseudomonas was identified. This is the first report on the isolation and molecular characterization of denitrifying bacteria from EBPR sludge using a DEPHANOX-type plant.     

Effect of dissolved oxygen on biological nutrient removal by denitrifying phosphorus-accumulating organisms in a continuous-flow system

A laboratory-scale continuous-flow system with an anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic configuration was set up to study the effect of oxygen in the internal recycle stream; of particular interest was its performance of denitrifying phosphorus-accumulating organisms (DPAOs). It was found that, by using a degas device, the dissolved oxygen in the nitrate recycle stream was effectively decreased from 0.1 +/- 0.02 to 0.01 +/- 0.01 mg/L. This provided a favorable condition for DPAOs to grow under an anoxic condition and thus be sustained successfully in the system. When the degas device was removed from the system, the dissolved oxygen concentration in the anoxic reactor increased to 0.1 +/- 0.02 mg/L. The proliferation of the denitrifying glycogen-accumulating organisms (DGAOs) population and deterioration of DPAOs performance was observed. The increased population of DGAO/GAOs, which competed for the carbon source with DPAO/ PAOs, resulted in a poor performance of biological phosphorus removal.