随机规划在泵站树状给水管网优化中的应用

泵站树状给水管网流量具有随机性,而这种随机性变化会直接影响管网的建设费用和动力费用.针对这-特点,应用随机规划原理,建立泵站树状给水管网机会约束模型,编写基于随机模拟的遗传算法程序求解该模型.机会约束模型能较客观地反映该管网的实际工况,使优化设计结果更符合实际.     

炼油污水净化回用工业试验综述

随着我国石油加工业的发展,炼油装置及生产能力不断增加,炼厂对新鲜水的需求量和污水的排放量也在逐年增加。因此如何节约用水和减少污水的排放量,将炼油污水净化回用,是降低企业加工成本,提高企业经济效益,而且进一步利用水资源,提高社会效益和环境效益的重要课题,哈尔滨炼油厂自1997年开始经过小试、中试及工业试验,将炼厂污水净化回用,取得了很好的结果,同时该课题通过了中油股份公司组织的技术鉴定。     

资源丰度的定量计算

提出了一种通用的定量计算方法,即用规范化指数表示各地区的资源丰度,用“度”作为资源丰度的计量单位。指数表示法计算的资源丰度值实现了资源丰度在可比尺度上的综合评价。它概念明确,简单易行,具有可比性和可传递性,从理论和应用方面来说都具有许多优点。     

高职院校环境专业就业情况调查——以中国环境管理干部学院2014届毕业生为例

采用资料收集、实地调研、调查问卷等方法,对环境保护领域人才需求情况以及岗位知识技能的要求、环境专业毕业生的就业意向进行调查和分析。结果表明,企业对高职环保人才需求量较大,环保人员应具备的素质以分析问题能力和沟通能力为主;高职院校环境专业毕业生对目前环境保护行业就业形势认识清楚,对就业单位的环保人才素质需求分析正确,但求职过程中存在目标设定偏高等问题,因此,从课程设置、教学方法和就业指导方面提出措施。     

阳离子艳红染料的光催化降解

本文研究了以沉淀法制备的TiO2为催化剂，紫外杀菌灯为光源，对阳离子艳红染料进行光催化降解的可行性，结果表明，在实验条件下，本系统对阳离子艳红染料有明显的降解效果，浓度为10mg/L的阳离子艳红染料经过30min的处理，其降解率＞88％，此外，还探讨了溶液初始pH值，催化剂的投加量，光照距离和液层高度等因素对光降解反应的影响。     

德州市耕地资源态势演变的驱动力分析

耕地资源数量与质量动态变化是农区经济与社会的可持续发展的决定性因素,特别是随着农业生态环境的不断恶化,各种不定因素导致耕地数量不断减少,保护和利用好耕地资源显得尤为重要。以地处黄河下游的德州市为背景,分析了其耕地资源现状特点、耕地资源开发利用中存在的问题,采用灰色关联分析方法,找出区域耕地资源态势演变的驱动因素,并对耕地资源供需趋势和保证程度做出预测。     

区域环境污染造成的经济损失估算——以银川市为例

通过研究银川市的环境监测资料、国民经济统计资料等,借鉴与银川市实际情况比较符合的参数,运用人力资本法、市场价值法、土地价值损失法、收益还原法、机会成本法等环境经济学方法,以2009年为例估算了大气污染、水污染、固体废弃物污染、噪声污染对银川市造成的经济损失。初步估算出银川市2009年因环境污染造成的直接经济损失为45.279亿元,环境污染状况严峻,城市环境保护成为银川市经济可持续发展的基础。     

砂尘一体化环境试验系统的设计及研制

本文对自行研制的砂尘一体化试验系统进行了介绍。设备研制中对基于文丘里原理的加砂/尘试验系统和自动监控除湿试验系统进行了详细说明,同时根据环境试验要求,指出了该试验设备研制过程中所遇到的加砂方式优化、温度调控、砂/尘浓度的测量与控制以及吹砂吹尘合一等技术难点,并给出了相应的解决途径。该试验系统研制成功,为考核装备的环境适应性和产品可靠性提供了科学的试验手段。     

A review of the protection of sources of drinking water in China

Water is a natural resource key to human and environmental health. China has suffered serious contamination of its water sources in the past decade, which has had severe consequences on the water supplies of millions of residents. Frequent polluting accidents and the amount of wastewater discharged have caused concern for the safety of drinking water. Fortunately, those at various levels of government have realized the importance of protecting the sources of drinking water and confirmed a list of 175 nationally important sources. Measures have also been adopted to control water pollution, including infrastructural, physical, chemical, ecological, administrative, and legal measures. While helpful, some areas in need of more attention are rural water, groundwater, agricultural pollution, and domestic sewage. Based on the lessons learned from experiences in developed countries, we offer some suggestions for improving, inter alia, funding, legal construction, management, and awareness‐raising, as well as present proposals for the future protection of our sources of drinking water. Future work should focus on water quality standards, quantitative research, high technology and legislation.     

环境可持续发展理论体系框架的构建

环境问题包括生态环境与社会、经济与生态环境关系两方面的问题，本文从社：会、经济、文化以及环境科技发展等不同角度论述了环境可持续发展理论体系框架的构建，认为环境可持续发展必须是在体现公平性、可持续性、协调性的基础上，建立以生态思维为基础的社会环境伦理观、发展环境科学技术、实现经济的有机增长，不断完善环境政策与环境法制体系，     

A method for prediction of extent of microbial pollution of seawater and carrying capacity of beaches

The increase in the number of tourists visiting a coast is desired by most of the countries for economic reasons. However, this increase in tourism may cause pollution of the sea. This can be only avoided by proper planning and by predicting the carrying capacity of the coast in terms of sea pollution. This is especially important for developing countries where part of the wastewater is discharged without any treatment into the sea.In the present study the beaches were classified according to their use — and consequently the amount of waste discharged into the sea — into four groups: (1) coasts that are used only for swimming and recreational purposes; (2) coasts used simultaneously for dwelling, swimming, and recreational purposes; (3) coasts along which only dwellings exist; and (4) natural and man-made harbors, i.e., coasts used as shelters. During the survey,40,320 observations were made between December 1985 and February 1988 to determine the effect of the number of tourists on seawater quality. The results obtained were analyzed by a multilinear regression program to obtain an empirical equation giving the extent of the sea pollution in terms of coliform concentration as a function of population density and some other environmental factors.The equations derived in this study enable the determination of the carrying capacity of a beach in terms of pollution as well as the expected degree of pollution corresponding to a given population density. Furthermore, it allows the prediction of the extra carrying capacity that can be obtained by improving the waste-disposal conditions.     

莆田塔斗山景区旅游市场开发研究

分析了莆田市旅游客源现状与塔斗山景区客源现状,提出了塔斗山景区客源市场的主要影响因素.根据塔斗山景区的资源价值、市场基础、开拓条件和潜力,确定了塔斗山景区的市场定位,并从旅游产品开发设计、宣传促销等方面来开拓塔斗山景区旅游市场.     

资源性供给紧约束条件下居民消费模式的构建

人类社会从农业文明时代的崇俭消费模式到工业文明时代的高消费、浪费型消费、过度消费等不合理消费模式的发展过程中产生了严重的全球性环境污染和破坏,能源、土地、淡水等资源性产品供给日益趋紧约束.生态文明型消费模式所具有的适度消费、公平消费和责任消费等内在规定性及其发挥的重要作用说明它是资源性供给紧约束条件下有利于能源资源节约和生态环境保护的居民消费模式.为了适应21世纪生态文明时代人与自然和谐发展的客观要求,突破消费增长、经济发展与资源性供给紧约束之间的发展困境要求我们必须从政府、企业和消费者等三个层面构建生态文明型消费模式.     

Efficiency of removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by plant leaves and the effects of interaction of combinations of leaves on their removal efficiency

Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions using 20 species of plant leaves and combinations of these leaves have been studied. Several factors affecting the removal efficiency have been studied. The most efficient types of plant leaves for the removal of cadmium are those of styrax, plum, pomegranate and walnut. The interaction effect of the combined leaf samples on the efficiency of removal of cadmium has been found to be additive in combinations involving styrax plant leaves but seems to be antagonistic in all other combinations. The optimum experimental conditions for removal of cadmium have been found to be at pH 4.1, using high concentrations of naturally dried plant leaves, using ground leaves and to remove cadmium from agitated aqueous solutions. The percentage of metal removed at an initial cadmium concentration of 10mg/l by the most efficient types of leaves have been found to be 85% for styrax leaves, 85% for plum leaves, 80% for pomegranate leaves, 78% for walnut leaves and 77% for meddler leaves. The presence of foreign ions or complexing agents has been found to reduce the efficiency of removal of cadmium by plant leaves. About 80-85% of the cadmium in charged plant leaves has been released under the influence of changing the pH of the solution, addition of competing ions and the addition of EDTA. The results of removal of cadmium by plant leaves have been found to follow the Freundlich adsorption isotherm, first-order reaction with respect to cadmium and to have intra-pore diffusion as the rate-limiting step.     

炼油厂含硫污水处理副产品──氨水的综合利用

通过叙述炼油厂常减压装置“三顶”、催化裂化装置分馏塔顶注入氨水以代替烧碱的工艺流程、操作条件。并结合数据分析说明注氨后对油品质量、设备防腐所起到的效果。说明该项技术合理、安全可靠。同时阐述了该项“三废”处理及环保技术的综合利用价值,给企业带来一定的经济效益和环境效益。     

高氯酸盐分析方法研究进展

高氯酸盐是一种甲状腺毒素,它会干扰碘的吸收,阻碍甲状腺的产生,影响胎儿、儿童脑部的发育,甚至造成脑部的损伤。随着检测技术的发展,其在世界范围内的水体中陆续检出,牛奶、瓶装饮料、桶装水、土壤、植物中检出高氯酸盐也随后出现。文章参考大量文献,对高氯酸盐监测分析方法进行了详细论述。     

硫化物恶臭脱除技术的发展

介绍了硫化物脱臭技术的现状,论述了生物脱臭技术及活性炭吸附技术的研究和进展。针对炼厂恶臭污染日益突出的特点,应用泥炭生物填料塔及活性炭吸附技术,对５０μＬ／Ｌ以下的Ｈ２Ｓ脱除工艺进行了研究。生物脱臭法采用经过驯化后的泥炭生物填料塔,Ｈ２Ｓ脱除率可接近１００％,负荷达到８５ｇＨ２Ｓ－Ｓ／（ｍ３干填料·ｈ）以上;活性炭吸附法采用日本的两种活性炭（ＩＶＰ和Ｃｅｎｔａｕｒ）,吸附容量分别达到１７０ｇ／Ｌ和８０ｇ／Ｌ以上。上述工艺均可应用于炼厂中低浓度硫化物恶臭污染的治理     

Additivity of State Inventories of Greenhouse-Gas Emissions

In addition to national inventories of emissions of greenhouse gases, there are inventories for most, but not all, states constituting the United States. This paper analyzes the state inventories to see if reported emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are additive. Considerable reanalysis of the state inventories is required before they can be added to yield a larger-scale inventory. Some specific sources were considered by some states but not by others. Estimation techniques evolved over time as inventories were produced, and there are instances of both double-counting (two states reporting the same emission) and omission (neither state reporting the same emission), where interstate transfers of energy or materials occurred. Nevertheless, the inventories, when adjusted for obvious double-counting or omissions, are probably approximately additive, although it is difficult to quantify the extent to which this is true.     

江苏油田原水油珠粒径分布测定

测定了江苏油田黄珏污水站原水中油珠粒径分布,为合理选择和设计污水处理工艺与装置提供了必要的基础数据。实验测定江苏油田黄珏污水站原水含油量为62.3 mg/L。该站的三相分离器具有较好的油水分离能力。原水中浮油(粒径≥99.4μm)占8.3%,粒径≥28.4μm的分散油占14.3%,而粒径≤28.4μm的分散油、浮化油等约占77.4%。单纯采用重力沉降法可除去原水中22.6%的含油量。同时对油珠粒径分布测定方法进行了改进。新方法减少了水样含油量的测定工作量,且设备简单、操作方便。     

Perceptions of disorder: Contributions of neighborhood characteristics to subjective perceptions of disorder

Theoretical explanations and empirical evidence of how disorder is perceived and its relation to independently observed measures of disorder are rare. In recent work, Sampson and Raudenbush [2004. Seeing disorder: Neighborhood stigma and the social construction of “Broken Windows”. Social Psychology Quarterly, 67(4), 319–342] investigated how individuals form perceptions of disorder and found that perceptions of disorder in Chicago neighborhoods are shaped not only by observable conditions of disorder, but also by neighborhoods’ racial and socioeconomic composition. In this paper, we investigate the bases for perceiving disorder with data from Baltimore using a methodology similar to that used by Sampson and Raudenbush (2004). Using surveys, systematic social observations, census data, and police records to investigate variations in individual perceptions of disorder at the individual and neighborhood levels, this study, consistent with the literature, finds that visual cues of disorder are not unambiguous and that perceptions of disorder are based not only on neighborhood observed disorder but also on individual characteristics of residents and neighborhood social structure. Additionally, our findings indicate that neighborhood poverty and not neighborhood racial composition affects perceptions of disorder in Baltimore. The fact that these findings are in contrast to the findings in Chicago suggests that the influence of racial segregation on perception of disorder is imbedded in the larger historical context.