饮用水中高氯酸盐污染现状与去除技术的综述

高氯酸盐作为强氧化剂，在广泛的应用中造成了严重的环境污染，并会在人体富集，当在人体内含量超过0．0007mg／kg人体体重，相当于饮用水中的浓度为24．5μg／L时，就会对健康造成影响，尤其会破环甲状腺机能。美国、日本等国已开始采取措施加强对高氯酸盐的控制，我国许多水源也受到此污染但尚未引起重视。本文分析了饮用水中高氯酸盐的物理化学性质及毒理特性，对环境的污染状况以及目前常用的去除技术，其中以生物处理和离子交换膜生物反应器较为有效。     

活性炭负载纳米零价铁去除水中高氯酸盐研究

如何有效去除水中高氯酸盐,解决普通零价铁去除效果不佳和易被氧化等缺点是本研究的主要出发点。采用浸润法制备活性炭负载纳米零价铁复合材料,运用扫描电镜对复合材料进行表征,考察了不同条件下复合材料对高氯酸盐的去除效果,并分析了去除机理。研究结果表明:高氯酸盐去除效果在一定范围内随着材料含铁量的增加而升高;高氯酸盐去除效果与其初始浓度呈负相关;pH=5时,去除效果最好;共存阴离子对去除效果具有一定抑制作用;溶液中高氯酸根最终被复合材料(nZVI-GAC)还原成无毒Cl-。     

零价金属还原降解水中污染物的应用研究综述

介绍了零价金属在处理环境污染物中的具体应用，包括卤代有机物、重金属、硝基芳香族化合物、偶氮染料、高氯酸盐以及硝酸盐等，指出零价金属可以通过还原和混凝吸附等作用有效地治理环境污染物，并分析了零价金属处理污染物的特点和应用前景。     

直接进样离子色谱法测定烟花爆竹中高氯酸盐

通过对直接进样离子色谱测定高氯酸盐的分析条件进行优化,最终采用IonPac AS20(250mm×4mm)色谱柱,40mmol/LKOH淋洗液,1.20mL/min流速,1mL进样体积,对成都市面上几种鞭炮中高氯酸盐含量进行了分析测定。方法线性范围宽,精密度好,用于鞭炮中高氯酸盐的测定,回收率在91.0%~114%之间,结果满意。     

基于自主核酸提取方法分析单油井采出液微生物

近年来基于培养和非培养方法研究油藏微生物的报道已经不少,但鲜有基因组总DNA提取技术与微生物检出性的报道。文章通过对长庆油田Q2YG138140油井采出液进行现场分类分级处理,将原样本即时分为 油相及水相（分成4种孔径（10.00,1.00,0.22,0.10μｍ）膜滤）作为研究对象,结合自主原油基因组总DNA提取技 术对该油井采出液样本进行菌群分析。结果表明：油相样本共检出11门、25纲、43目、66科和78属,水相样本共检出17门、35纲、64目、105科和150属。该自主提取方法对油藏常见多种菌门及菌属基因组DNA的提取均具有 较好的适用性。油相中,检出11属为“其它”,相对丰度10.02％;水相中,检出26属为“其它”,相对丰度17.34％,6属为未分类,相对丰度0.40％,该方法针对未知微生物和生物量相对较低的极端环境微生物仍均具有一定的 检出能力。4种滤膜（10.00,1.00,0.22, 0.10μｍ）分别检出10门、8门、10门和13门,59属、65属、79属和82属。0.10μｍ滤膜检出的菌群多样性明显多,进一步表明该自主提取方法适用于油水微生物的多样性分析。     

桂林市农村环境质量试点监测村土壤酞酸酯类污染调查

结合国家环保部指令性农村环境质量试点监测工作,采集桂林市农村环境质量试点监测村土壤样品13个,对土壤中5种酞酸酯进行调查分析。结果表明DMP、DEP、DOP都未检出;DBP、DEHP在13个监测点全部都有检出。各类监测点DEHP平均值均比DBP平均值高;总酞酸酯浓度范围为0．763-2．714mg·kg^-1,最大值为农田监测点,各类监测点中总酞酸酯浓度平均值依次为农田〉果园〉菜地〉居民点〉采石场。     

测定单个粒子的薄膜法及其应用

本文介绍改进后的薄膜法,主要是形态分析法和复合薄膜法。它们都是基于粒子和薄膜反应生成物的形态特征通过电镜来确定粒子成分的。前者可以检测单个酸性粒子,检出下限为７ ×１０－ １９ｇ;后者能同时检出一个粒子中所含的ＮＯ－３ 和ＳＯ２ －４ ,检出下限分别为３ ×１０－ １５ｇ 和７ ×１０－ １８ｇ。利用该方法对广州大气粒子进行了观察,结果表明改进后的薄膜法完全适用于对单个粒子的观察和测定。     

饮用水源水质监测中阴离子表面活性剂快速分析方法

在饮用水源水质例行监测工作中,由于阴离子表面活性剂浓度极低,处于未检出浓度水平,因此可考虑将亚甲蓝分光光度法加以改进,设置最低检出浓度样、地表水Ⅰ类标准1/2浓度样、地表水Ⅰ类标准浓度样等系列参考样,来配制一个标准色阶,通过目视比色,确定出水样的浓度,以实现快速测定和减少有毒试剂用量,降低监测成本,提高工作效率.     

三十岁需防老

医学专家在研究中发现,衰老是从肥胖开始的,体内堆积脂肪是人衰老的真正标志。他们认为人到30岁后就容易肥胖,因而也就开始出现衰老迹象。医学专家认为,人到了30岁后甲状腺功能就开始下降,人的体形也就开始出现臃肿肥胖现象。在生理学上,甲状腺控制着新陈代谢。甲状腺素分测多,蕊墨代嗣吐快,曩圈曩爆翻也快.这珏人Ⅱ尔可董发露。甲状一加董     

最低检出量确定方法的探讨

在环境监测中，由于实验条件不同等原因，有时会出现最低检出量与文献给定之间的差别。     

Transport and biodegradation of perchlorate in soils

Perchlorate (ClO4-) contamination of ground water and surface water is a widespread problem, particularly in the western United States. This study examined the effect of biodegradation on perchlorate fate and transport in soils. Solute transport experiments were conducted on two surface soils. Pulses of solution containing perchlorate and Br- were applied to saturated soil columns at steady state water flow. Perchlorate behaved like a nonreactive tracer in Columbia loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, thermic Oxyaquic Xerofluvent) but was degraded in Yolo loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, thermic Mollic Xerofluvent). Batch experiments demonstrated that perchlorate removal from solution in Yolo loam was caused by biodegradation. Other batch experiments with Yolo loam surface and subsurface soils, Columbia loam surface soil, and dredge tailings demonstrated that perchlorate biodegradation required anaerobic conditions, an adequate carbon source, and an active perchlorate-degrading microbial population. The sequential reduction of perchlorate and NO3- by an indigenous soil microbial community in Yolo loam batch systems was also studied. Nitrate reduction occurred much sooner than perchlorate reduction in soils that had not been previously exposed to perchlorate, but NO3- and perchlorate were simultaneously reduced in soils previously exposed to perchlorate. The results of this study have implications for in situ remediation schemes and for agricultural soils that have been contaminated by perchlorate-tainted irrigation water.     

Development of drinking water standards for perchlorate in the United States

Perchlorate, an anion that originates as a contaminant in ground and surface waters, is both naturally occurring and manmade. Because of its toxicity, there has been increased interest in setting drinking water safety standards and in health effects when perchlorate is present at low (parts per billion (ppb)) levels. In January 2009, the EPA issued a heath advisory to assist state and local officials in addressing local contamination of perchlorate in drinking water. The interim health advisory level of 15 micrograms per liter (μg/L), or ppb, is based on the reference dose recommended by the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). This paper describes scope and extent of contaminant issues and a legal process of setting standards for perchlorate concentration in drinking water in the United States of America.     

Environmental impacts of training activities at an air weapons range

Within Canada, it has been recognized in the last decade that military training activities may have impacts on the environmental quality of training ranges. However, impacts of activities specific to Air Force Bases have not yet been intensely documented. A hydrogeological study was accomplished at the Cold Lake Air Weapons Range, Alberta, to evaluate the environmental impacts of using bombs, rockets, strafing, and open burning/open detonation (OB/OD) on the quality of soil, ground water, surface water, and lake sediments. Samples were analyzed for metals, anions, ammonium perchlorate (NH(4)ClO(4)), and energetic materials (EM). It was found that training activities did not result in measured values being exceeded on the basis of guidance values for surface water and lake sediments. Contamination by metals was mostly limited to soils, and some metals may be related to the use of bombs (Cd, Cu, Pb), strafe (Cu), and rockets (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, U, V, Zn). TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) was the main EM found in soils, while RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) was more common in ground water. Both are related to live bombing, while nitroglycerine (NG) is related to rocket use and was detected in soils only. Aluminum, nitrate, and ammonium perchlorate detected in ground water may be related to live bombing or rockets. OB/OD operations resulted in the presence of various EM in soils, and of perchlorate and nitrate in ground water. Contamination by metals and explosives in soils was localized around the targets and varied significantly in time; however, in ground water it was more constant and may persist for a period of several years after a target has been removed.     

Efficiency of perchlorate consumption in road flares, propellants and explosives

When an explosive detonates or a propellant or flare burns, consumption of the energetic filler should be complete but rarely is, especially in the presence of large amounts of non-combustible materials. Herein we examine three types of perchlorate-containing devices to estimate their potential as sources of contamination in their normal mode of functioning. Road flares, rocket propellants and ammonium nitrate (AN) emulsion explosives are potentially significant anthropogenic sources of perchlorate contamination. This laboratory evaluated perchlorate residue from burning of flares and propellants as well as detonations of ammonium nitrate emulsion explosives. Residual perchlorate in commercial products ranged from 0.094 mg perchlorate per gram material (flares) to 0.012 mg perchlorate per gram material (AN emulsion explosives). The rocket propellant formulations, prepared in this laboratory, generated 0.014 mg of perchlorate residue per gram of material.     

高氯酸钾项目生产过程中的环境风险及防范措施

根据国家环保总局发布的"高污染、高环境风险"产品名录(2009年),无机盐产品高氯酸钾属于高环境风险的产品,其生产存在较大风险。高氯酸钾项目在生产过程中的环境风险主要来源于强酸、强碱、有毒有害、易燃易爆等原辅材料、产品,运输、贮存和使用过程产生的燃爆、泄漏、贮运风险以及工艺废气治理措施失效等环节。识别项目产生的环境风险主要包括爆炸风险、泄漏风险、危险化学品贮运风险及氯气直排风险,并从生产管理、生产工艺及贮运等方面提出相应的防范措施。     

Accumulation of perchlorate in aquatic and terrestrial plants at a field scale

Previous laboratory-scale studies have documented perchlorate ClO(-)(4) uptake by different plant species, but less information is available at field scale, where ClO(-)(4) uptake may be affected by environmental conditions, such as distance to streams or shallow water tables, exposure duration, and species. This study examined uptake of ClO(-)(4) in smartweed (Polygonum spp.) and watercress (Nasturtium spp.) as well as more than forty trees, including ash (Fraxinus greggii A. Gray), chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.), elm (Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.), willow (Salix nigra Marshall), mulberry [Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent.], and hackberry (Celtis laevigata Willd.) from multiple streams surrounding a perchlorate-contaminated site. Results indicate a large potential for ClO(-)(4) accumulation in aquatic and terrestrial plants, with ClO(-)(4) concentration in plant tissues approximately 100 times higher than that in bulk water. Perchlorate accumulation in leaves of terrestrial plants was also dependent on species, with hackberry, willow, and elm having a strong potential to accumulate ClO(-)(4). Generally, trees located closer to the stream had a higher ClO(-)(4) accumulation than trees located farther away from the stream. Seasonal leaf sampling of terrestrial plants indicated that ClO(-)(4) accumulation also was affected by exposure duration, with highest accumulation observed in the late growing cycle, although leaf concentrations for a given tree were highly variable. Perchlorate may be re-released into the environment via leaching and rainfall as indicated by lower perchlorate concentrations in collected leaf litter. Information obtained from this study will be helpful to understand the fate of ClO(-)(4) in macrophytes and natural systems.     

Lake management under severe drought: Lake Mead,Nevada/Arizona

Drought can affect both the quantity and quality of water in lakes and reservoirs, yet larger, highly managed waterbodies, such as Lake Mead, may be somewhat buffered from drought effects. From 2000 to present, Lake Mead has experienced a 71% decline in volume; however, influent water quality has remained high and consistent outflow volumes through Hoover Dam have been maintained. Furthermore, management activities, such as increased removal of phosphorus by wastewater dischargers and legacy contamination cleanup efforts, have been initiated since the drought began. These efforts have led to small improvements in values of water quality parameters, such as phosphorus, nitrogen, and perchlorate, despite loss of volume for dilution of constituents, and consequently, decreased residence time. As the drought continues, Lake Mead is projected to continue declining in volume, inflows are projected to become warmer, and the population of Las Vegas is projected to grow, potentially adding additional stress to the hydrologic system. Maintenance of outflow may mitigate some potentially negative consequences, and understanding the drivers behind continued high water quality despite prolonged drought is important to continue to maintain the health and vitality of the entire Lower Colorado River Basin.     

Removal of perchlorate from contaminated waters using surfactant-modified zeolite

We investigated the potential of using surfactant (hexadecyltrimethylammonium)-modified zeolite (SMZ) as an inexpensive sorbent for removing perchlorate (ClO(4)(-)) from contaminated waters in the presence of competing anions. In batch systems, the presence of 10 mM OH(-) (i.e., pH 12), CO(3)(2-), Cl(-), or SO(4)(2-) had little effect on the sorption of ClO(4)(-) by SMZ, indicating that the sorption of ClO(4)(-) by SMZ was very selective. The presence of 10 mM NO(3)(-), however, reduced the sorption of ClO(4)(-) at low initial concentrations. The maximum sorption capacity for ClO(4)(-) by the SMZ remained relatively constant (40-47 mmol kg(-1)), in the absence or presence of the competing ions. In flow-through systems, ClO(4)(-) broke through the SMZ columns much later than other anions present in an artificial ground water. The affinity of the anions for SMZ followed the sequence of ClO(4)(-) > > NO(3)(-) > SO(4)(2-) > Cl(-). Perchlorate loading under dynamic flow-through conditions was 34 mmol kg(-1), somewhat less than the maximum loading of 40 to 47 mmol kg(-1) determined by the batch method. Less than 1% of previously sorbed ClO(4)(-) was leached out by ultra-pure water, by extraction fluid #1 of the standard toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), or by a solution of 0.28 M Na(2)CO(3)/0.5 M NaOH. About 40% of the previously sorbed ClO(4)(-) was leached out from SMZ by a 0.5 M NO(3)(-) solution. The exchange of ClO(4)(-) with NO(3)(-) corroborated results of the batch tests where NO(3)(-) was shown to compete with ClO(4)(-) sorption.     

江苏油田原水油珠粒径分布测定

测定了江苏油田黄珏污水站原水中油珠粒径分布,为合理选择和设计污水处理工艺与装置提供了必要的基础数据。实验测定江苏油田黄珏污水站原水含油量为62.3 mg/L。该站的三相分离器具有较好的油水分离能力。原水中浮油(粒径≥99.4μm)占8.3%,粒径≥28.4μm的分散油占14.3%,而粒径≤28.4μm的分散油、浮化油等约占77.4%。单纯采用重力沉降法可除去原水中22.6%的含油量。同时对油珠粒径分布测定方法进行了改进。新方法减少了水样含油量的测定工作量,且设备简单、操作方便。