我国火电行业烟气脱硫现存问题及对策建议

阐述了我国火电行业烟气脱硫现状,从环保设施的运行和管理、煤质大幅波动、“硫降碳升”矛盾初显、脱硫副产品石膏处置难等方面,分析了我国火电行业烟气脱硫存在的主要问题,并从强化科学监管、政策及技术并重、开展技术革新、加强脱硫石膏综合利用等方面,对烟气脱硫产业如何进一步科学发展提出了对策建议。     

烟气脱硫技术的发展及其应用前景

烟气脱硫是目前世界上唯一大规模商业化应用的脱硫方式。本文综述了脱除烟气中SO2 的一些主要技术 ,包括干法、半干法、湿法以及它们的优缺点 ,其中湿法烟气脱硫应用最为广泛。同时对我国湿法、半干法、干法中的几种脱硫技术进行了比较 ,得出湿法烟气脱硫的脱硫效率最高 ,可高达 90～ 95 % ,半干法次之。湿法烟气脱硫的烟气处理量也最高 ,并且有些技术已经进行了工业化应用。但是湿法烟气脱硫技术的运行费用比较高     

氨法脱硫技术在烧结烟气治理领域应用研究

LS氨法烟气脱硫技术是一种在传统基础上进行改进的湿法烟气脱硫技术。以66 m2烧结机烟气治理方案为例,分析LS氨法烟气脱硫技术各项技术指标,同时对该方法脱硫技术特点、经济运行进行全面分析。通过论述得出结论,LS氨法烟气脱硫技术是一种适合于冶金行业烧结机烟气治理的一项湿法技术。     

脱硫技术在火电厂的应用分析

电厂烟气脱硫技术方法很多,常规燃煤脱硫方法通常分为三种,方法的选择主要取决于锅炉容量、燃烧设备类型、燃料种类、脱硫效率等,同时还须考虑电厂地理位置、副产品的利用等因素。本文介绍了循环流化床锅炉脱硫技术、湿式石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫技术、生石灰-半干法烟气脱硫技术、氨肥法脱硫技术、电子束烟气脱硫技术、NOXSO同时脱硫脱硝技术、SNOXOM脱硫脱硝技术等,分析各种脱硫技术的应用范围、脱硫效率和优缺点等,为火电厂选择燃煤烟气脱硫措施提供了参考依据。     

广东省火电厂烟气脱硫除硝案例初步技术分析

简要地回顾了我省火电厂烟气脱硫的历程，结合部分案例，对其除尘脱硫技术进行了初步分析。对某电厂燃煤机组“脱硫除硝”示范工程进行了简单介绍。     

烧结烟气湿法脱硫技术应用

依据钢铁厂烧结烟气的特点,介绍了改进型石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫除尘技术的工艺处理系统原理、具体系统组成和该工艺的先进性,并结合了福建省某铸造厂48㎡烧结机烟气脱硫除尘项目具体的设计、施工和安装调试,分析改进型石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫技术的脱硫除尘技术指标和经济指标。分析结果表明:改进型石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫技术具有脱硫除尘效率高、工艺投资省、运行费用低等优点,是一种符合国情的新型脱硫技术,值得在烧结烟气脱硫中推广应用。     

烟气脱硫技术的发展及应用现状

综述了烟气脱硫技术的发展过程、技术现状及世界各国烟气脱硫装置的应用状况，同时简要介绍了我国烟气脱硫技术的研究现状及引进技术装置的情况。     

炼化企业烟气脱硫技术的研究

文章综合分析了目前国内外已工业化应用的主要烟气脱硫工艺、原理及炼油化工企业烟气脱硫技术的发展趋势,为炼化企业烟气脱硫技术研究提供了借鉴和参考依据,并对炼化企业未来烟气脱硫技术的研究和选用提出了建议。     

烧结烟气氧化镁法脱硫应用研究

为了解决石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫的结垢问题,镁法烟气脱硫技术应运而生,本文通过简述江西某钢厂镁法烟气脱硫工程的设计、运行情况,为烧结行业烟气脱硫技术提供一种备选方案。     

火力发电厂300MW机组烟气脱硫方案的选择探究

火力发电在为我们的生活和整个社会的生产产生巨大的作用的同时,其产生的二氧化硫也极大地危害着我们的社会环境,因此烟气脱硫问题是整个火力发电行业一个不可避免、亟待解决的问题。国家必须强制火力发电厂安装烟气脱硫装置,但是我国现在烟气脱硫的技术和设备还没有达到世界先进水平,所以火力发电厂机组烟气脱硫方案的选择要考虑设备进口、备件更换,资金外流、技术现状,生产成本等等问题。本文从我国烟气脱硫的技术与经验出发,参照主流烟气脱硫技术方案,从技术、运行、业绩、成本、维护等不同角度综合考虑,认为火力发电厂300MW机组烟气脱硫应选择石灰石一石膏湿法烟气脱硫方案。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.