重金属污染土壤的螯合诱导植物修复技术研究进展

土壤重金属污染来源广泛、危害严重、治理困难，已经成为环境污染中的难点、热点问题。重金属污染土壤的螯合诱导植物修复技术有着绿色环保、经济高效等优点，在污染土壤修复领域具有很大的发展空间。本文综述了螯合诱导修复技术的原理，从螯合剂的选用、超富集植物的筛选、土壤pH值的调节以及田间措施的实施4个方面介绍了螯合诱导修复技术的限制因素，最后对存在问题进行了探讨，并以螯合诱导修复技术理论研究和实践应用2个方面为着力点，详细叙述了此项技术的发展方向和应用前景。     

植物-微生物联合修复石油烃污染土壤研究进展

石油烃污染引发了严重的土壤污染问题,在各种修复技术当中,植物-微生物联合修复技术以成本低、修复效果好、二次污染少等优点得到广泛重视。文章以植物-微生物联合修复技术为中心,阐述了内生菌-植物联合修复和植物-根际微生物联合修复两种典型的联合修复技术的原理以及最新的应用进展,并总结了当前植物-微生物联合修复技术研究的不足,以期为石油烃污染土壤的生物修复提供参考。     

应用植物重金属超富集机理修复土壤复合污染的研究现状与展望

超积累植物在修复土壤重金属污染中起着重要的作用，但由于重金属复合污染的存在，许多植物并未能完全适用于实际修复中。本文通过阐述土壤重金属复合污染，参考近年来国际上对超积累植物富集机理的研究，从土壤重金属复合污染自身的交互作用，超积累植物根系活化机理，吸收和运输通道机制，金属配位体的运输与解毒作用，以及细胞分室化现象等各个阶段探讨与展望土壤重金属复合污染修复研究问题。     

城区富营养化景观水体的生物修复技术

生物修复技术在富营养化景观水体中有其独特的应用价值,本文综述了生物操纵控藻技术、植物控藻技术和微生物控藻技术的研究现状,讨论和展望了不同生物修复技术相互结合在水体修复中的作用.     

植物修复技术在铀矿山放射性铀污染治理中的潜在应用

植物修复技术用于治理环境中的放射性污染，具有成本低廉、易于实施和对环境扰动小等突出优点，是近年来国内外有关研究的热点。本文简单介绍了植物修复的原理，系统地介绍了环境中铀污染的植物修复及影响修复效率的因素。分析了该技术应用于铀矿山放射性铀污染治理的可行性。     

滇池草海东风坝水域生态修复技术工程应用

本文介绍了我院最新开发的湖泊生态修复集成技术包括湖滨陡坎沿岸带基底修复技术、植物浮岛生态技术、入湖河渠污染控制技术和湖滨沿岸带大型水生植物群落恢复技术在滇池草海东风坝及老干鱼塘水域生态修复工程的实际应用情况，本项目在滇池草海约3．3km。水面实现了大型水生植物恢复面积约1．0km^2，在湖滨带形成由挺水植物、浮叶植物、浮水植物及沉水植物等不同植被类型组成的生态结构，大型水生植物覆盖率达30％，恢复水生植物共计20余种，栖息的水禽及鸟类目前已达27种，生物多样性显著提高，呈现出郁郁葱葱、生机勃勃的景象，生态修复区良性水生植被生态系统已经初步建立，湖泊自然生态环境和水质得到了明显改善，水体透明度增幅约为65％-70％，TN和TP去除率约为30％，取得了良好的环境和社会效益，为滇池及超富营养化湖泊的生态修复提供了宝贵的经验和工程示范。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复技术研究及其前景

根据污染土壤的生物修复技术具有高效、无二次污染和操作管理简便的优点，本文介绍谊类技术在石油污染治理领域的应用。在概述石油的组成成分及其对环境造成的污染的基础上，重点论述了微生物和植物修复技术有效去除有机污染物的应用条件，并就目前两种技术的最新研究成果即基因技术的应用作了介绍，同时指出了石油污染土壤生物修复技术的发展趋势和应用前景。     

受污水体水生植物修复技术的应用及其发展

基于水生植物修复技术的基本特征,本文着重对其应用中的区域性、安全性、影响因素等问题及目前新型植物修复技术进行了分析探讨。     

生态浮床原位修复富营养水体研究进展

生态浮床作为水体原位修复的一种有效技术,在富营养水体生态修复中得到广泛的应用。在比较分析了目前常用原位治理技术基础之上,追述了生态浮床的发展历程,并对不同类别浮床结构及特点作了对比分析,认为采用组合式生态浮床是提高浮床净化效果的有效途径。综述了浮床植物筛选及近年来获发明专利授权的组合式浮床结构、发展及在受损水环境生态修复中的应用,从截留和植物吸收、生化作用和协同作用分析了生态浮床净化机理,展望了该技术在水环境生态修复未来发展方向。     

超富集植物修复土壤重金属污染及强化措施研究进展

土壤重金属污染是当前亟须解决的问题。与其他修复技术相比,植物修复因其具有环境友好且不产生二次污染等优点而备受关注。超富集植物是一类具有特殊生理特性的植物,对土壤重金属等有害物质的吸附能力远高于普通植物,具有高积累性和高耐受性的特点。超富集植物的修复存在修复周期过长、修复效率低和修复目标较为单一等局限性,因此施行一系列强化措施成为促进植物高效修复的有效途径。分析了当前重金属污染和修复技术特点,综述了重金属超富集植物研究现状和强化措施,并对此进行了总结与展望。     

水资源研究中几个问题的探讨

本文讨论了区域水资源的评价问题.无论是地表水、地下水,还是土壤水都是来源于大气降水,降水资源才是区域总水资源;同时讨论了区域水资源的平衡原理.降水资源转化了截留水、地表水、土壤水和地下水4项水资源.该文对这2种不同的水体进行了深入讨论,着重论述了土壤水资源的概念及其特征.并对潜水蒸发和水资源的价值问题提出了看法.     

降低循环冷却水水耗的生产措施

为了有效降低循环冷却水系统补充水量、排污量，节约水处理剂的消耗、降低冷却水处理成本，关键在于提高循环水的浓缩倍数。本文对影响循环水浓缩倍数的因素进行了分析，总结了哈尔滨石化公司循环水场存在的问题。同时本文给出了提高循环水浓缩倍数的方法，上述方法能取得显著的环境效益和经济效益。     

Surface Water Seepage Effects on Shallow Ground‐Water Quality Along the Rio Grande in Northern New Mexico1

Abstract: Interactions between surface irrigation water, shallow ground water, and river water may have effects on water quality that are important for both drinking water supplies and the ecological function of rivers and floodplains. We investigated water quality in surface water and ground water, and how water quality is influenced by surface water inputs from an unlined irrigation system in the Alcalde Valley of the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico. From August 2005 to July 2006, we sampled ground water and surface water monthly and analyzed for concentrations of major cations and anions, specific conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen, and water levels. Results indicate that irrigation ditch seepage caused an increase in ground water levels and that the Rio Grande is a gaining stream in this region. Temporal and spatial differences were found in ion concentrations in shallow ground water as it flowed from under the ditch toward the river. Ground‐water ion concentrations were higher when the ditch was not flowing compared with periods during peak irrigation season when the ditch was flowing. Ditch inputs diluted ion concentrations in shallow ground water at well positions near the ditch. Specifically, lower ion concentrations were detected in ground water at well positions located near the ditch and river compared with well positions located in the middle of an agricultural field. Results from this project showed that ditch inputs influenced ion concentrations and were associated with ground‐water recharge. In arid region river valleys, careful consideration should be given to management scenarios that change seepage from irrigation systems, because in some situations reduced seepage could negatively affect ground‐water recharge and water quality.     

Movement of coliform bacteria and nutrients in ground water flowing through basalt and sand aquifers

Large-scale deposition of animal manure can result in contamination of surface and ground water and in potential transfer of disease-causing enteric bacteria to animals or humans. We measured total coliform bacteria (TC), fecal coliform bacteria (FC), NO3, NH4, total P, and PO4 in ground water flowing from basalt and sand aquifers, in wells into basalt and sand aquifers, in irrigation water, and in river water. Samples were collected monthly for 1 yr. Total coliform and FC numbers were always higher in irrigation water than in ground water, indicating that soil and sediment filtered most of these bacteria before they entered the aquifers. Total coliform and FC numbers in ground water were generally higher in the faster flowing basalt aquifer than in the sand aquifer, indicating that the slower flow and finer grain size may filter more TC and FC bacteria from water. At least one coliform bacterium/100 mL of water was found in ground water from both basalt and sand aquifers, indicating that ground water pumped from these aquifers is not necessarily safe for human consumption according to the American Public Health Association and the USEPA. The NO3 concentrations were usually higher in water flowing from the sand aquifer than in water flowing from the basalt aquifer or in perched water tables in the basalt aquifer. The PO4 concentrations were usually higher in water flowing from the basalt aquifer than in water flowing from the sand aquifer. The main concern is fecal contamination of these aquifers and health consequences that may arise from human consumption.     

初级再生水对循环水处理药剂的影响

初级再生水回用过程中所要解决的两个难题是腐蚀和微生物的控制。通过对锦西石化分公司初级再生水对各循环水场现用药剂的缓蚀阻垢效果及杀菌效果进行了实验室综合评价,考察缓蚀阻垢性能、杀菌性能及药剂加药量的影响,并根据水质情况及药剂评价结果提出了初级再生水的最佳pH值及COD值范围,并根据水场及水质情况选出最优药剂,为合理加药剂提供依据。     

秦皇岛市农村饮水安全状况调查与管理对策

秦皇岛市农村饮水安全状况调查结果显示,90％受访户采用家庭分散式浅井取水、100％的用户取水后以漂白粉消毒,但消毒剂的投加不规范。当地政府从未组织对水质进行安全检测,农村缺少污水处理和垃圾处理设施,缺少健全的供水管理制度并且饮水安全意识薄弱。可以从加大水利资金投入推进集约化供水、引进权责明晰的多元化管理制度、建立水源地保护和水质监测的长效机制、推进农村污染综合整治等方面解决农村饮水安全问题。加强饮水安全后续管理,推进社会主义新农村建设。     

浙江省上虞市水资源分析及饮用水水源地水质现状评价研究

本文通过大量的基础数据调研,获取了浙江省上虞市水资源现状及饮用水水源地水质现状的第一手资料,对当地的水资源空间分布现状及水资源平衡进行了科学分析,并结合当地的社会经济发展趋势及城市发展中的用水需求增长趋势,提出了科学合理的水源地建设与保护建议。自2009年6月起,对汤浦水库、四明湖水库、隐潭溪、下管溪、总干渠等5个水源地进行了长期连续监测,为进一步保护优质水源地,城乡统筹一体化供水系统的建设提供科学依据。监测结果表明,作为重要备用水源地的总干渠目前呈现有机微污染特征,需要加强水源保护区内的环境管理,尽快设立水源保护区,确定合理的入河污染物的源头削减任务,以确保2010年前达到水功能区的水质目标。     

实验用水对总氮检测结果的影响

用RO纯水与超纯水分别作为实验用水,通过标准曲线及空白、标准样品、水样等总氮测定对比实验,发现两种实验用水的标准曲线及空白值、标准样品的检测均受控,但两种纯水对比实验显示相对于超纯水而言,RO纯水中有一定浓度的总氮,同时在水样检测中用RO纯水作实验用水测定值明显低于用超纯水作实验用水的测定值,其差值与RO纯水中总氮值相符。实验结果表明总氮检测中不能只以标准曲线、空白值和标准样品测定值作为受控标准,要考虑实验用水中硝酸根离子的影响。     

ARE RURAL RESIDENTS WILLING TO PAY ENOUGH TO IMPROVE DRINKING WATER QUALITY?1

ABSTRACT: The concentrations of iron and sulfate in community water supplies are a concern for a number of areas in southwestern Minnesota. This study used the contingent valuation method to determine how much consumers would be willing to pay to improve their drinking water quality. On average, individuals were willing to pay US$5.25 per month (in 1995 U.S. dollars) to reduce the level of iron and US$4.33 per month to reduce the level of sulfate in their water to the USEPA's secondary standards for drinking water quality. Respondents with negative perceptions of their drinking water quality were willing to pay more to improve water quality. The aggregate annual willingness to pay (WTP) for all consumers in community water systems in southwestern Minnesota that were out of compliance with water quality standards were estimated to be US$2.4 million and US$2.0 million (in 1995 dollars) for reducing the levels of iron and sulfate, respectively. Yet the total WTP of consumers who use small community water systems may not be enough to pay the full cost of providing improved water in those systems. Economies of scale in water treatment and difficulties in financing improvements mean that technical innovation, government assistance, or institutional changes may be needed to improve water quality in these areas.     

流域比较视角的钱塘江与黑河流域水资源问题及对策研究——基于水足迹核算分析

产品贸易及水权交易使得水资源问题"跨流域化",不再单纯是流域内部管理问题。本文从流域比较视角出发,在区分蓝、绿、灰三种水足迹的基础上,应用水足迹模型,测算了两流域典型地区的水足迹,进行流域水资源问题对比分析,并分析了经济发展模式对流域水资源可持续性的影响。结果发现,杭州市经济用水中灰色水足迹占总量的90%,而张掖市经济用水中绿色水足迹占总量的60.8%,说明钱塘江流域水资源问题在于质,而黑河流域水资源问题在于量;经济发展模式中的产业结构、水资源开发效率、工业化路径等影响流域水资源可持续利用,同时基于GDP导向的流域间的水资源逆向配置,更加剧了流域水资源矛盾。最后根据流域对比结果提出治理措施,从而形成流域间协作的良性循环。