耦合流域模型及在中国环境规划与管理中的应用进展

流域水环境模型是研究流域水体黑臭、水体富营养化和水质超标问题的重要工具,流域水环境模型从概念上可以分为(半)机理模型和经验型模型,前者通过方程式和函数关系来刻画流域水动力和迁移转化规律,并通过实测数据校准获取本土化的参数系数,后者力图寻求大数据量间的统计学规律。按照模拟对象的不同,流域水环境模型还可以划分为陆域的污染负荷模拟模型、水域的受纳水体模拟模型,以及水-陆耦合模拟模型。模型对整个流域系统及其内部发生的复杂地球化学过程进行定量化描述,污染负荷模型一般用来估算点源及非点源产生的污染负荷量,并计算出进入河道的污染负荷量,作为受纳水体模型的污染源边界输入条件;受纳水体模型一般用来模拟沉积物或污染物在河流、湖泊、水库、河口、沿海等水体中的运动和衰减转化过程,是水质预测、评价、分析的重要工具。传统的流域模型多用评价自然活动以及人类活动对水环境造成的影响,而当前越来越多的学者将水环境模型与经济学模型进行耦合,开展基于水环境模型的环境政策设计和优化研究。文章从系统控制的视角,主要总结了水量水质耦合流域模型在水资源管理政策、水环境管理政策中的应用,例如水资源有效分配、排污交易产生的水环境影响、基于成本-效益的水污染控制策略优化等。在此基础上文章对流域水环境模型的发展方向和应用前景进行了的展望,流域水环境容量控制策略、目标总量控制策略的水环境影响比较分析以及水环境模型的不确定性研究将是未来关注的重点所在,尤其不确定性问题经常存在于水污染物产排放预测和水环境质量模拟预测过程中,对于提升环境规划与管理的科学性、有效性具有十分重要的现实意义。     

TMDL计划在河湖环境容量管理中的应用方法

环境容量管理(ECM)已在世界范围内应用于管理地表水质量和控制污染,最大日污染负荷(TMDL)方案已被应用于ECM系统中.在调研相关文献的基础上,对TMDL在水环境容量管理中的研究现状进行了分析,探讨不同模型的特点、应用方向及优缺点,认为水动力和水质模型可构建流域内基于水环境容量的水动态调控机制,将水质监测与污染负荷总...     

每日最大污染负荷(TMDL)计划的借鉴意义与我国水污染总量控制管理流程

在系统调研相关文献的基础上,分析了美国每日最大污染负荷(total maximum daily loads,TMDL)计划的框架、特点和研究进展,对比美国的先进经验,对我国水污染总量的控制管理和研究现状进行了全面分析,认为污染总量削减考核指标单一、总量控制和减排目标的制定未考虑水环境容量、总量控制和减排未与水质改善挂钩以及管理与科研脱节等是我国目前水污染总量管控存在的主要问题。需加强水质模型、污染负荷与水环境容量计算方面的研究,建立相对客观且可操作性强的污染减排效果评估与考核方案。借鉴TMDL计划,提出了完善我国水污染总量管控技术流程与方案的建议。     

非点源污染模型研究进展

随着点源污染的有效控制,非点源污染已成为水体污染的主要因素,如何有效地控制和管理非点源污染已成为水环境整治的一项重要任务。而计算机模型是极其有效的流域非点源污染模拟和污染负荷估算的定量化工具,为非点源污染评价、管理和控制提供了可靠依据。文章综述了非点源污染模型的发展概况及其研究不足,并对模型的发展趋势进行了分析和预测。由于非点源污染随机性大、分布范围广、形成机理模糊、管理控制难度大等特点,未来非点源污染的量化模型研究及其与量化模型有关的相应参数研究、模型与GIS集成研究将成为未来研究的主流。     

区域水环境质量生态经济评价的原则、指标体系和方法探讨

水环境是人类为中心的水中生物、非生物资源及各子系统之间相互关系的总和,是一个自然、社会经济综合体。从当前的实际情况看,对水环境的生态经济评价应高度重视水环境与区域经济发展的协调性,注重区域水环境的长期宏观经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。在评价过程中应遵循区域经济发展与环境协调一致原则;系统稳定有序原则;系统整体功能最大原则;共生(互利)、多样化原则;水环境清洁原则。根据以上原则和区域水环境特点,笔者选择由一套影响和形成水环境最主要、最灵敏和最能用量来表示的评价指标所组成的指标体系,并采用经济计量法对其进行分等定级。     

水信息学及其在水环境中的应用研究综述

水信息学是一门新兴的学科,是在水范围内运用知识的新途径、元知识.它着重运用计算机技术、通信网络技术、3S技术、可视化技术等一系列高新技术,并结合传统水科学和工程学的方法,研究与水环境相关数据的收集、存储、处理、模拟、预测和结果显示等问题.文章首先探讨了几种不同的水环境概念及水环境研究模型,阐述了近年生态水力学模型的制约因素.生态水力学模型建市在时空一致性和质量能量守恒等假设上,而水生态系统的高度复杂性、非线性和时空特异性制约模型的发展.从"知识发现"和"知识管理"两个视角出发,重点阐述数学模型、数据挖掘、数据同化、数据驱动、地理信息系统、决策支持系统、商业软件等水信息学方法在水环境研究中的应用.目前水信息学还处于起步阶段,各方法交叉结合的研究还比较少,在今后的研究中有待加强,包括基于数据的各方法手段的结合、基于数据和基于过程的两者结合、水环境的知识发现和知识管理的结合等.     

高尔夫球场农药化肥对水环境的影响和对策

通过对某高尔夫球场运营过程中化肥和农药施用的分析，用简化模型计算了一般情况下和最不利情况下化肥、农药对地面水环境的影响，提出控制农药化肥污染的对策措施。     

淮河流域水污染防治与生态经济思考

淮河流域水环境严重污染的形成，既有历史社会经济发展中忽视环境保护，欠帐过多的问题，也有水资源条件差，环境容量较小的问题。淮河流域水环境污染多种多样，既有工业点源，又有农业和农村面源，还有人口迅速膨胀及城镇迅速发展所带来的污染。     

水资源供需平衡动态模拟分析方法

本文根据多水源供水系统的特点，从优化利用水资源，改善与保护水环境质量出发，建立限水资源供需平衡的动态分析模型，该模型较为客观地反映了需水量与可供水量之间的时空矛盾，可为供水系统的运行管理提供较为精确的决策依据。模型已在台山市区环境规划中得到了应用，效果良好。     

城市水污染综合防治规划模型

城市水污染的原因,简单地讲,是城市人口与工业增长的后果,必须从城市生态角度出发,研究城市人口—工业增长—水环境系统的相互关系和相互影响,才能有效地制订控制水污染的对策,制订出切实可行的整体规划.而系统模拟是规划的基本手段,规划的目的是从宏观上协调社会发展、经济发展和水环境保护三者间的关系,寻求最有效的城市发展策略.污染控制规划的基本任务在于如何确保环境建设与城市建设得     

Diagnosis and recommendations for transjurisdictional water pollution management in China

Large-scale water environmental deterioration is one of the most prominent environmental issues in current China. Transjurisdictional water pollution is an important reason for water environmental deterioration of river basins, and currently there are some major defects that exist in China's management system related to transjurisdictional water pollution. With seven major river basins in China as an object of study, this paper is designed to perform a diagnosis of major problems about the transjurisdictional water pollution management in China from three aspects, i.e. institution, mechanism, and legislation. On the basis of this, it gives an overall train of thoughts on the reform of transjurisdictional water pollution management in China, and proposes specific recommendations from the aforesaid three aspects.     

An integrated model for structure optimization and technology screening of urban wastewater systems

The conventional approach to wastewater system design and planning considers each component separately and does not provide the optimum performance of the entire system. However, the growing concern for environmental protection, economic efficiency, and sustainability of urban wastewater systems requires an integrated modeling of subsystems and a synthetic evaluation of multiple objectives. In this study, a multi-objective optimization model of an integrated urban wastewater system was developed. The model encompasses subsystems, such as a sewer system, stormwater management, municipal wastewater treatment, and a wastewater reclamation system. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was used to generate a range of system design possibilities to optimize conflicting environmental and economic objectives. Information from a knowledge base, which included rules for generating treatment trains as well as the performance characteristics of commonly used water pollution control measures, was utilized. The trade-off relationships between the objectives, total water pollution loads to the environment, and life cycle costs (which consist of investment as well as operation and maintenance costs), can be illustrated using Pareto charts. The developed model can be used to assist decision makers in the preliminary planning of system structure. A benchmark city was constructed to illustrate the methods of multi-objective controls, highlight cost-effective water pollution control measures, and identify the main pressures on urban water environment.     

Water environment security indicator system for urban water management

Water environment security (WES) is defined in terms of three aspects: first, that it meets basic demands due to industrial and domestic usage; second, that it protects public health from acute and chronic threats; and third, that measures are adopted to ensure sustainable ecological functioning of freshwater resources. Limitations associated with current water environment security indicators in China ?? including inefficiency in terms of environmental monitoring, inappropriate indicators and parameters that do not take sufficient account of local water characteristics, and a lack of management targets ??leads to a failure of effective water management. To achieve better water environment management, a systematic approach, encompassing several steps including establish ideal indicator system and narrow down the scope, screen priority pollutants, identify local characteristics and organize discussion workshop, should be followed to establish a comprehensive water environment indicator system. A case study in Suzhou is included to demonstrate the detailed operational procedures used to assess the risks associated with poor management practices relating to water environment security as well as design an appropriate water environment security indicator system.     

天津市水环境保护的战略思考

本文从天津市水环境保护的战略出发，系统地论述了水环境保护的目标管理，水环境保护规划，总量和浓度相结合的控制方式，集中与分散相结合的综合治理途径，促进生态平衡的综合性保护措施等一系列管理思路和方法。     

Strategy for the Control of Land-Based Sources of Marine Pollution in the Wider Caribbean Region

The pollution of the marine environment caused by land-based sources threatens or impairs the health of the ecosystems and the value of human uses of the coastal waters. the Contracting Parties to the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region agreed to take all appropriate measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution. in the first meeting of the Contracting Parties, the development of a protocol on the control of marine pollution from land-based sources was recommended as a measure to protect the marine environment.

A small group of experts from the Caribbean Region formulated a strategy for controlling land-based sources of marine pollution. Due to the diverse nature, resources and capabilities of the countries comprising the Region, the pollution control strategy suggested by the group of experts included the following techniques or their most appropriate combination: (1) pollution prevention measures, (2) effluent limitations, (3) water quality limitations, (4) environmental planning, and (5) best management practices. the desirable control strategy should be based on a system of discharge permits in the case of point source pollution, which includes effluent and water quality limitations. the technology based effluent limitations could be applied as a short-range strategy to control pollution from industrial and domestic point source discharges. the use of water quality standards could become part of a long-range strategy for controlling point sources. for nonpoint sources, it would be virtually impossible to develop effluent limitations. Thus, the implementation of best management practices and effective environmental planning would be the most reasonable control strategy for non-point sources. However, pollution prevention measures could consist of a “black list” of substances that should be completely banned, and a “grey list” for those that should be strictly limited. These lists should be adopted or appropriately modified for the conditions of the Wider Caribbean Region.

The development of control based on the water quality of the receiving body of water involves the collection and analysis of effluent and ambient data to develop water quality based permit limits and to assess compliance with these permits. Finally, any marine pollution control strategy developed by the countries of the Region should be mutually agreed upon and implemented within a period of ten years from the ratification of a protocol on land-based sources of marine pollution.     

农村面源污染治理的政策与管理服务体系优化——以上海郊区农村为例

农村面源污染控制不仅是技术问题,也是管理体制与机制问题,探讨并完善农村面源污染治理的政策、管理与服务体系已成为当前研究的热点与难点。以上海郊区农村为例,梳理总结农村面源污染及其控制现状;在肯定当前治理效果的同时,识别其局限性,指出农业政策与环境保护政策的不协调、农村发展模式转变下制度与服务体系的相对滞后是根本原因;针对当前农村面源污染重要的贡献者——化肥、农药、畜禽粪便以及农村生活污水,分别从改革农业补贴制度、重构实现农村多重价值的制度以及完善农业生产服务体系等方面给出了治理的对策与建议。     

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)污染及其毒性研究进展

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)作为重要的增塑剂被广泛应用于涂料、食品包装、医疗器材、儿童玩具等产品中。研究表明DEHP在水、土壤、空气等各个环境要素以及食物、饮用水中已被普遍检出,并对环境产生潜在的危害。本文通过分析国内外DEHP的环境暴露和毒性效应的研究成果,总结了DEHP在室外大气、室内空气、土壤、地表水、地下水、食品和饮用水中的污染现状,并对DEHP的替代产品进行总结;此外,本文深入探讨了DEHP对水生生物和陆生生物的生态毒性效应,以及对生殖发育、肝脏、呼吸系统和神经系统等的健康毒性效应。最后,结合DEHP在环境暴露调查和毒性效应研究方面的不足,指出需要进一步加强我国DEHP的环境暴露调查,制定相关环境基准值与标准限值,开展慢性生态毒性效应和人体健康毒性效应等方面的研究。     

湿地生态风险评价中生物完整性指数研究进展

湿地是陆地与水域之间的过渡地带,是地球上生产力最高的生态系统。湿地生态风险评价的实际应用将使人们更好地理解物理、化学和生物风险源如何影响湿地,并为湿地管理提供科学支撑,这就要求确定湿地生态健康评价指标的完整性。生物完整性指数以环境生态毒理学数据为依据,是进行生态系统健康风险评价的最有力工具。大中型无脊椎动物作为易选择的分类群,可用于湿地评估的生物完整性指数的建立,土壤动物特别是线虫类群作为湿地土壤和水环境健康评价的指示生物具有广阔前景。通过线虫分子毒理学等研究方法,可优化出生物完整性指数体系,建立扰动背景下的湿地生态风险评价模型,为湿地污染的监测、防控和修复,提供理论依据和实践方法。     

特定小流域水质模型的选择

根据特定小流域的水文特点和实际要求，建立一个流域综合水质模型，它由三个子模型支持，即：河流水质模型、水库富养营化模型和非点源污染模型。本工作对河流水质模型（ＱＵＡＬ２ＥＵ）加以改进，使之适应Ｗ河的具体情况，并在ＱＵＡＬ２ＥＵ增加了模拟ＣＯＤ、网箱养鱼和底泥泛起的功能。完成了作了水源地的水库地的水库富营养化模型，解决了流域内农业耕作、污水灌溉等造成的非点源污染随降雨径流进入水体过程的模拟和计算，使之     

天津市地下水利用中的环境问题及其对策

本文对天津市地下水资源现状和存在的问题进行了系统分析,详细论述了天津市地下水资源开发利用过程中所发生的环境问题及其产生的影响,从水资源管理体制,污染控制,水价,调蓄蓄能等方面,针对性地提出了解决对策和措施,并对天津短缺的水资源的开发利用和环境生态协调发展,进行研究和探讨。