沉陷治理工程管理分析

本文以淮南矿区沉陷治理工程为基础,总结了煤炭开采过程造成的地面沉陷问题的类型、特点,并针对沉陷治理工程管理过程中的特点加以分析,提出了各环节要注意的考虑的问题及沉陷治理工程的管理措施。     

中国采煤沉陷区空间格局与治理模式

大面积的采煤沉陷区引发严重的社会和环境问题,得到政府和学术界的广泛关注。与传统以自然条件为基础的沉陷区复垦研究不同,考虑采煤沉陷区自然生态因素和区域经济发展条件,从综合治理的角度出发,分析中国采煤沉陷区整体格局和面临的社会经济风险,深入研究各地采煤沉陷区综合治理路径。结果表明：中国采煤沉陷区面积预计超过60000 km²,其中与城乡建设用地和耕地叠压的面积分别达到4500 km²和26000 km²,涉及人口达2000万左右,其中山西和山东两省采煤沉陷区的影响最为严重;从区域特征来看,中国采煤沉陷区有开发利用、环境修复、民生保障、异地搬迁四大主要治理导向,进一步结合社会经济和空间特征,可以将沉陷区分为环境适应发展型、基础设施完善型、特色产业带动型、环境修复型、民生保障型、异地搬迁型六个治理类型。     

采煤沉陷区表现形式及生态恢复治理研究

通过对某矿矿区设立地表岩移,结合实地勘测,找出该区地表沉陷的特点,按照沉陷破坏程度,提出相应的治理措施,并对目前矿区治理存在的问题并给出对策建议。     

矿区开采沉陷地质灾害与防治对策研究

分析了开采沉陷地质灾害的成因，着重研究了开采沉陷地质灾害的危害状况，最后提出了应积极进行开采沉陷监测预报、综合采用减轻地表沉降技术、全面治理塌陷区域环境灾害等综合防治对策。     

淮南煤矿沉陷区建（构）筑物保护治理工程探讨

煤炭资源的开发带动了淮南经济快速持续发展,但由于煤炭资源采出后,开采区周围岩土体的原岩应力平衡状态遭到破坏,出现位移和变形,诱发的开采沉陷可导致一系列环境问题,甚至引发重大的地质灾害事故,如建筑物的裂缝与崩塌,铁路钢轨的悬浮,高速公路路基的沉陷,水体的流失与矿井的淹没等都将造成巨大的经济损失及严重的社会问题。因此,开采沉陷区内建（构）筑物的保护治理一直是矿区亟待解决的问题。针对煤炭地下开采活动对沉陷区内地表建（构）筑物的影响,探讨了合理开展煤矿沉陷区建（构）筑物保护治理工程的方法。     

皖北矿区开采沉陷区土地生态环境及其综合治理技术

介绍了皖北煤电公司的煤炭开采对沉陷土地生态环境的影响和多年沉陷区治理的成功实践，提出了皖北煤电公司土地生态环境的技术模式，并总结了技术模式的实施效果。     

如何做好煤矿建设项目的环保验收

作为非污染类建设项目,煤矿建设项目在竣工环境保护验收中除应对其废水、废气、固体废物"三废"污染影响进行验收外,还应重点对其产生的沉陷影响进行验收,并对其所采取的生态治理措施及效果进行分析。本文以井工开采的煤矿建设项目为例,分析其沉陷影响特点及项目竣工环保验收中存在的问题,并给出对策和建议。煤矿建设项目沉陷的生态影响     

环保文摘

煤矿开采沉陷生态破坏综合防治技术[刊]/李树志∥洁净煤技术(煤炭科学研究总院等) 1995,(2) 48～51。分析了开采沉陷对土地资源和地面建、构筑物的生态破坏影响,从开采沉陷的控制与治理两方面,提出了开采沉陷生态破坏综合防治的技术途径,根据我国国情、国力,论述了我国开采沉陷生态破坏综合防治技术的发展趋势。浅析煤矸石回填塌陷区的技术可行性[刊]/王斌∥煤矿设计(北京煤炭设计研究院)1996,(1) 43～45。本文介绍了煤矸石的性质与主要成分,     

煤矿开采沉陷地表积水预测

煤矿井采后地表积水区分布预测和治理方案规划在大部分井工煤矿项目环评和土地复垦方案编制时会涉及,这是现代化井工煤矿建设前期工作需要思考的问题。就井工煤矿开采沉陷后地表积水预测,文章通过沉陷后地形、地表水水量平衡的角度进行分析,为井工煤矿地表积水区分布预测提供一定参考。     

关于煤矿地表沉陷预测模型和参数选取的分析

煤矿开采对环境的影响主要体现在生态环境影响和水环境影响方面,生态环境影响主要是煤矿开采引起地表沉陷对环境的影响,地表沉陷预测在煤矿环境影响评价中占着重要的作用,预测的正确与否直接决定着预测结论的正确性和生态恢复治理措施的合理性。在计算机软件普及的情况下,决定地表沉陷预测的正确与否,关键在于预测模式及基本参数选取的,本文以现阶段常用的预测模式为依据,分析岩移观测资料的可利用性,同时建议国家相关部门建立岩移观测站,完善预测模式,为环境影响预测和实际生产生态治理提供依据。     

Exploration of relationships between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables using multivariate statistic analysis in a eutrophic shallow lake： A S-year study

Understanding the process of the changing phytoplankton patterns can be particularly useful in water quality improvement and management decisions. However, it is generally not easy to illustrate the interactions between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables given their high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. To elucidate relationships between them, in a eutrophic shallow lake, Taihu Lake, relative long-term data set of biotic and abiotic parameters of water quality in the lake were conducted using multivariate statistical analysis within seasonal periodicity. The results indicate that water temperature and total phosphorus （TP） played governing roles in phytoplankton dynamics in most seasons （i.e. temperature in winter, spring and summer; TP in spring, summer and autumn）; COD （chemical oxygen demand） and BOD （biological oxygen demand） presented significant positive relationships with phytoplankton biomass in spring, summer and autumn. However, a complex interplay was found between phytoplankton biomass and nitrogen considering significant positive relationships occurring between them in spring and autumn, and conversely negative ones in summer. As the predatory factor, zooplankton presented significant grazing-pressure on phytoplankton biomass during summer in view of negative relationship between them in the season. Significant feedback effects of phytoplankton development were identified in summer and autumn in view that significant relationships were obser,qed between phytoplankton biomass and pH, Trans （transparency of water） and DO. The results indicate that interactions between phyto：plankton biomass and related environmental variables are highly sensitive to seasonal periodicity, which improves understanding of different roles of biotic and abiotic variables upon phytoplankton variability, and hence, advances management methods for eutrophic lakes.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

基于电子鼻土壤与地下水污染修复现场TVOC和恶臭的评估

根据上海某土壤与地下水污染修复现场情况,应用自主研发的电子鼻系统(iSA-M1)分别对未修复及修复过程中的土壤和地下水、修复场地上空及周边空气中的VOCs和恶臭类气体进行检测.结合前期研究所得TPI和OPI公式,求得各点的值,并将其用图表示.结果表明:①修复后TVOC和恶臭的浓度总体呈下降趋势;②在土壤和地下水修复过程中,VOCs和恶臭的挥发受气象要素和作业的影响,其浓度在总体下降的过程中伴随着阶段性上升现象;③结合GIS技术,电子鼻能初步用于评估土壤和地下水修复现场造成的空间污染情况及对周围居民产生的影响.但造成影响程度的具体细化分级还需要进一步研究.     

厌氧氨氧化过程中COD及pH与基质浓度之间的关系

分析了上向流厌氧氨氧化生物滤池中氮素化合物浓度、COD和pH变化规律以及ANAMMOX活性和生物量的分布规律,利用数理统计的方法研究了厌氧氨氧化过程中COD和pH与氮素基质浓度之间的关系.结果表明,溶解氧和氮负荷的共同作用使得ANAMMOX活性和生物量的分布沿滤层深度呈"山脊"状不均匀分布;异养反硝化的存在和H+的消耗使得厌氧氨氧化过程中COD和pH分别呈降低和升高趋势;100 mg/L以下的有机物浓度对厌氧氨氧化菌的影响不大,且COD和pH与基质NH4+-N浓度之间呈良好的线性相关关系.本试验中COD-NH4+-N和pH-NH4+-N拟合直线的斜率分别为1.113 8±0.052 2和-0.111 3±0.001 2,置信度为95%,平均相关系数R2分别为0.982 3和0.985 0.     

污泥超高温好氧发酵去除氟喹诺酮类抗生素及其降解产物

对比分析了污泥传统高温好氧发酵(TC)和超高温好氧发酵(HTC)对诺氟沙星(NOR)、氧氟沙星(OFL)及其降解产物的去除性能.结果表明,超高温好氧与高温好氧发酵25d时NOR去除率分别为91.8％,92.1％,产物诺氟沙星脱乙基(NORP)残留含量分别为628,668μg/kg;OFL去除率分别为92.1％、88.1...     

Characteristics of indoor/outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in generic urban, roadside and industrial plant areas of Guangzhou City, China

Quantitative information on mass concentrations and other characteristics, such as spatial distribution, seasonal variation, indoor/outdoor （I/O） ratio, correlations and sources, of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in Guangzhou City were provided. Mass concentration of PM2.5 and elemental components were determined by standard weight method and proton-induced X-ray emission （PIXE） method. 18 elements were detected, the results showed positive results. Average indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in nine sites were in the range of 67.7-74.5μg/m^3 for summer period, and 109.9-123.7 μg/m^3 for winter period, respectively. The sum of 18 elements average concentrations were 5362.6-5533.4 ng/m^3 for summer period, and 8416.8-8900.6 ng/m^3 for winter period, respectively. Average concentrations of PM2.5 and element components showed obvious spatial characteristic, that the concentrations in roadside area and in industrial plant area were higher than those in generic urban area. An obvious seasonal variation characteristic was found for PM2.5 and elemental components, that the concentrations in winter were higher than that in summer. The I/O ratio of PM2.5 and some elemental components presented larger than 1 sometimes. According to indoor/outdoor correlation of PM2.5 and element concentrations, it was found that there were often good relationships between indoor and outdoor concentrations. Enrichment factors were calculated to evaluate anthropogenic versus natural elements sources.     

Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The nitrogen (N) distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW) and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (MMCW) in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model. The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m2·a), and total inorganic N (TIN) was the main body (0.640 gN/(m2·a)). The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m2, respectively. In plant subsystem, the N was mainly stored in root and litter. Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively. The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m2·a) and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m2·a), the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m2·a), and the soil (0-15cm) N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m2·a), respectively. The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N, and the status might induce the degradation of C. angustifolia wetland.     

北京市夏季O3、 NOx等污染物“周末效应”研究

采用了2000-06-25~2000-07-07以及2000-07-26~2000-08-22在北京325 m气象塔观测平台观测到的O3、NOx(NO和NO2)、CO和SO2数据,分析了周末与工作日O3、NOx、NO、NO2、CO和SO2浓度变化的差异及成因.结果表明,除SO2之外,O3、NOx、NO、NO2和CO的周末浓度与对应工作日浓度相关性显著,均通过了显著性水平α=0.05的t检验,相关系数(R)依次为0.99、0.61、0.56、0.80和0.61.交通高峰时段(06:00~08:00)NOx和CO的周末浓度明显低于工作日浓度,该时段NOx和CO的周末浓度与工作日浓度的平均偏差分别为-28%和-9%.O3周末浓度与工作日浓度的回归系数为1.25±0.02.此外,周末O3的最大小时浓度值与最大8 h平均浓度值分别比工作日高23%和26%,表现出十分明显的"周末效应".     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.