Effects of phenanthrene on hepatic enzymatic activities in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus♂×O. aureus♀)

The effects of phenanthrene (Phe) on hepatosomatic index (HSI) and hepatic enzymatic activities in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus ♀× O.aureus ♂) were investigated via the static freshwater exposure at dosage of 50,100 or 400 μg/L for 4-14 d.Compared with the control group,HSI was significantly decreased (P<0.05) at 400 μg/L at day 14.Increased enzymatic activities (P<0.05) were observed for catalase (CAT),glutathione peroxidase μgPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) at either 100 or 400 μg/L at day 8 and 14,as well as for CAT at 50 μg/L at day 14,except for GPx at 400 μg/L at day 8.Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was significantly increased (P<0.05) at all dosage at day 4 as well as at 50 μg/L at day 8,but significantly decreased at either 100 or 400 μg/L at day 14 (P<0.05).Glutathione-S-transferase μgST) activity was not affected.The results suggest that CAT,GPx,SOD and EROD,as well as HSI in tilapia may be used as the biomarkers or indexes for evaluating or monitoring the pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as Phe.     

固定化硝化菌在不同温度下对氨氮的去除效能研究

采用聚乙烯醇——硼酸包埋法固定经常温富集培养的含耐冷菌的硝化污泥,用于处理常温和低温生活污水,进行了比较研究。结果表明,该固定化硝化菌群在常温下经过一个月的活性恢复和增殖后,转入低温环境,在短期内表现出一定的适应性,作用6 h后对NH4-N的去除率为80%左右。在常温下,该固定化菌更表现出高效的氨氮去除能力,作用3 h后,去除率达90%以上。可见,固定化硝化混合菌群经过常温活性增强和数量扩增后转入低温,对氨氮的去除是有利的,而且混合菌群中的低温菌仍能保持优势菌的地位。     

Effects of phenanthrene on hepatic enzymatic activities in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus♂×O. aureus♀)

The effects of phenanthrene (Phe) on hepatosomatic index (HSI) and hepatic enzymatic activities in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus ) were investigated via the static freshwater exposure at dosage of 50, 100, and 400 g/L for 4–14 d. Compared with the control group, HSI was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at 400 g/L at day 14. Increased enzymatic activities (P < 0.05) were observed for catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) at either 100 or 400 g/L at day 8 and 14, as well as for CAT at 50 g/L at day 14, except for GPx at 400 g/L at day 8. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was significantly increased (P < 0.05) at all dosage at day 4 as well as at 50 g/L at day 8, but significantly decreased at either 100 or 400 g/L at day 14 (P < 0.05). Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was not a ected. The results suggest that CAT, GPx, SOD and EROD, as well as HSI in tilapia may be used as the biomarkers or indexes for evaluating or monitoring the pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as Phe.     

Maternal age-specific risks for trisomies at 9—14 weeks' gestation

This study provides data on the incidence of fetal trisomies 21, 18, and 13 at 9–14 weeks' gestation in women aged 35–45 years and estimates of maternal age-specific risks in women aged 20–45 years. Our data from 5814 singleton pregnancies undergoing first-trimester karyotyping for the sole indication of maternal age ⩾ 35 years were combined with those from two previous reports and the incidence of the trisomies was calculated from a total of 15 793 pregnancies. Comparison of incidences at 9–14 weeks' gestation with published data at 15–20 weeks' gestation and in livebirths demonstrated that at birth the maternal age-specific incidence of trisomy 21 is 33 per cent lower than at 15–20 weeks' gestation and 54 per cent lower than at 9–14 weeks' gestation. Furthermore, the relative frequency of trisomies 18 and 13 decreases from 30 per cent at 9–14 weeks to 22 per cent at 15–20 weeks and 14 per cent at birth.     

Formic acid and acetic acid in the western Sierra Nevada,California

This paper reports the results of measurements of formic and acetic acid at four sites located along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada and compares the results with those of earlier studies. Formic acid concentrations ranged from approximately 1 to 40 ppb; those of acetic acid ranged from approximately 0.5 to 13 ppb. Mean formic acid concentrations were 18 ppb at Tehachapi, located at the southern extremity of the range, and between 12 and 13 ppb at the three other sites. Mean acetic acid concentrations ranged from 3.9 ppb at Blodgett Experimental Forest, located at the northern extremity, to 8.0 ppb at Yosemite. Comparison with previous studies indicates that carboxylic acid levels measured in the Sierra Nevada are higher than those measured in past studies, and in many cases average concentrations of both formic and acetic acids observed during this study were greater than the previously reported maxima. Comparisons were also made to nitric acid concentrations measured at Yosemite and Giant Forest from October 1986 to September 1987. At Yosemite, annual nitric acid concentrations averaged 0.20 ppb during the day, and 0.06 ppb at night; and at Giant Forest, nitric acid averaged 0.17 ppb during the day, and 0.05 ppb at night. Thus, the high formic and acetic acid concentrations observed in this study suggest that carboxylic acid are major contributors to the overall flux of ambient acid deposition in the western Sierra Nevada.     

深圳市城区和郊区黑碳气溶胶对比研究

为了解深圳地区黑碳气溶胶（BC）的污染特征,使用深圳市西涌（XC）站点（郊区）和竹子林（ZZL）站点（城区）2014年1月1日~2015年6月30日测得的BC浓度及常规气象资料,对比研究了深圳地区两个不同代表性站点的BC变化特征.结果表明：在观测期间,郊区XC和城区ZZL站点BC小时平均浓度分别为（1.12±0.90）,（2.58±2.00）μg/m³,本底浓度分别为（0.27±1.31）,（1.07±0.85）μg/m³,气溶胶吸收系数σ_abs分别为（5.87±4.81）,（13.47±10.50） Mm^-1,城区站点值均高于郊区站点.两站点BC浓度分布均为对数正态分布,且都呈现干季高、湿季低的季节变化特点.日变化分析表明ZZL站点BC浓度呈现明显的双峰结构,XC站点日变化不明显.通过计算两地的气溶胶波长吸收指数AAE值,发现两地AAE值均接近1,说明两地BC污染主要来源于化石燃料的燃烧.进一步分析可知XC站点西北方向32km处是世界第三大集装箱码头,当西北风达到一定程度时（10~20m/s）,码头排放的污染物将严重影响XC站点的BC浓度.后向轨迹聚类分析结果表明,XC站点主要受中远距离输送影响,ZZL站点主要受周边及本地污染源排放影响.     

富磷剩余污泥厌氧消化过程中氮磷释放形态研究

通过静态厌氧消化试验,研究剩余污泥消化过程中pH与温度对氮磷释放形态的影响。结果表明,当pH=10.0时,消化过程中氮磷的释放程度均高于pH=5.0,在同等的pH情况下温度是氮磷释放的有利影响因素。温度对消化液中氮磷的存在形态影响较小,而pH则是影响氮磷形态的关键因素。pH=5.0时,NH4+-N是消化液中最主要的氮存在形态。当pH=10.0时,由于NH3的挥发作用,相当一部分氮从消化系统中损失,造成其NH4+-N低于pH=5.0。尽管在pH=10.0时比pH=5.0时有更多的磷释放,但pH=5.0时,消化系统中PO43--P的浓度却高于pH=10.0,其主要原因在于碱性条件下释放出的磷主要以聚合磷或其它结合磷为主。     

生物滴滤塔处理氨气、硫化氢混合气体的研究

生物滴滤塔处理舍NH3与H2S臭气最佳的生态条件为：在温度为25℃、营养盐喷淋量为8．0L／h、气体通气量为0．4m^3／h,NH3进气质量浓度为435．74～802．32mg／m^3 H2S进气质量浓度为723．44～952．18mg/m^3,pH值在7．0—8．0之间的条件下．去除效率可达90％以上。填料高度与气体的净化效率存在一定的关系,H2S进气质量浓度在670．20—960．88mg／m^3时．下层填料净化效率可达50％～60％;下、中两层填料的净化效率则可达90％以上,在下半部分填料层就能去除大部分气体污染物。     

Serum PAPP-A measurements in first-trimester screening for Down syndrome

Serum PAPP-A measurements taken from 254 women in the first trimester are reported. Eleven chromosomal abnormalities were detected. The mean serum PAPP-A levels in cases of Down syndrome were 0.44 MOM at 9 weeks gestation, 0.15 MOM at 10 weeks, and 0.29 MOM at 11 weeks. The PAPP-A level at 10 weeks was below those of pregnancies which aborted spontaneously. At 11 weeks, the pregnancies with Down syndrome recorded the lowest PAPP-A levels at that gestation. On this small sample, offering chorionic villus sampling to women with singleton pregnancies and a PAPP-A level below 0.3 MOM (approximately 6.5 per cent of this at-risk group) would have detected all the Down syndrome fetuses at 10 weeks and 50 per cent at 11 weeks without selecting those cases destined to abort. This suggests that serum PAPP-A should continue to be investigated as a potential first-trimester screening test for Down syndrome.     

北京城区与下游地区臭氧对比研究

2005年6月～2006年9月,分别在北京城区和兴隆对臭氧和气象要素进行了连续观测. 结果表明,除冬季外,北京地区臭氧的产生和消耗速度明显高于兴隆;期间北京和兴隆观测到的臭氧最大值(体积分数)分别为198.9×10^-9和151.2×10^-9. 臭氧超过国家二级标准的时数两地分别为171 h和255 h,北京城区90%以上集中在16:00前,而兴隆夜间臭氧污染占82%. 受到北京输送的影响,兴隆臭氧日变化的最高值出现时间比北京晚3～4 h,但是冬季兴隆受到的影响较小. 兴隆观测到的超标事件与北京的输送具有良好的相关性,持续稳定的天气条件和昼夜循环的局地环流可以导致兴隆臭氧持续积累,并在夜间形成臭氧“双峰”现象. 兴隆的AOT40分别为23.1×10^-6×h、 26.5×10^-6×h、 14.1×10^-6×h,表明北京对下游区域的农业产生具有严重影响.     

离线式的热化学降解技术研究Pahokee泥炭腐殖酸

离线式封闭体系下大分子的热化学降解通常在较低的温度下进行,很少讨论较高反应温度下的情况。本文以前期研究较深入的Pahokee腐殖酸作为对象进行了离线式热化学降解研究,结果表明,若反应时间相同,中等反应温度(350～400℃)下Pahokee腐殖酸的离线式热化学降解产物与较低温度(250～300℃)下的结果十分一致,在较低温度下反应时间对降解产物的分布没有明显的影响。尽管在较高的温度条件(500～600℃)下反应时间为30min时,可能导致严重的裂解与缩合反应。但是当反应时间减少至1min,可以获得与较低温度条件下类似的热化学降解产物。本文在离线方式下获得的Pahokee腐殖酸的热化学降解产物与已经报道的在线方式下得到的结果基本类似,主要差别在于离线方式下降解产物中长链脂肪酸甲脂相对含量较高并且检出了木质素芳环β-醚键降解的结构单元。因此,离线式封闭体系下的热化学降解方法可以在中等以及相对较高的温度条件下进行。这一结论有待于不同来源和结构的大分子样品的进一步证实。     

BED含氧燃料在不同海拔下对柴油机PM和NOx排放的影响

为研究生物柴油-乙醇-柴油(简称为BED)含氧燃料在不同海拔下对柴油机微粒(PM)和氮氧化物(NO_x)排放的影响,在一台高压共轨柴油机上分别燃用纯柴油和BED含氧燃料,在两种大气压力(81和100 k Pa)下进行了排放试验研究.结果表明,燃用纯柴油和B15E5(15%生物柴油+5%乙醇+80%柴油,体积比)燃料后,在中、低负荷时的PM排放在高气压下基本高于低气压下,最高增幅分别达到26.2%和19.0%;在全负荷时的PM排放在高气压下降低,最高降幅分别达到6.1%和17.0%.燃用B25E5(25%生物柴油+5%乙醇+70%柴油,体积比)燃料后,PM排放在高气压下降低.燃用纯柴油后,柴油机在高气压下的NO_x排放低于低气压下;燃用B15E5和B25E5含氧燃料后,在中、低负荷下的NO_x排放在高气压下降低,在全负荷下的NO_x排放在高气压下升高.在中、低负荷下NO_x排放最高降幅分别达到12.1%和15.3%;在全负荷下,NO_x排放最高增幅分别达到6.5%和5.8%.在不同大气压力下,柴油机燃用纯柴油和BED含氧燃料后,PM与NO_x排放均呈现明显的trade-off关系.相比于在低气压下,随负荷增加引起的PM排放降幅和NO_x排放增幅在高气压下增加.     

牛粪生物堆肥有机酸变化及对腐熟度的影响

利用外源微生物(发酵菌,EM)进行牛粪工厂化堆肥,堆肥期间,分析了小分子有机酸及大分子腐殖酸动态变化。结果表明,接种外源微生物可明显提高堆肥前期小分子有机酸含量,在堆肥后期又呈明显降低的趋势;腐殖酸呈先降低而后趋于稳定的趋势,胡敏酸呈先降低而后增加的趋势,富里酸呈一直下降的趋势。对堆肥过程中有机酸、腐殖化指数分析表明,接种外源微生物可明显提高堆肥的腐熟度,但与微生物添加量有关。     

垃圾填埋场大气汞的浓度和形态

对贵阳市和武汉市的5座城市生活垃圾填埋场大气中的ρ(气态总汞)进行了测定,并分析了填埋场的大气活性气态汞、颗粒态汞、单甲基汞和二甲基汞的质量浓度分布. 结果表明:5座填埋场ρ(气态总汞)为1.6～473.7 ng/m3,不同采样点的平均值为8.5～155.7 ng/m3,最高值出现在填埋场的工作面及工作面下风向区域;而封闭填埋场或运行填埋场的覆土区的ρ(气态总汞)较低. 天气条件和垃圾处理活动均可影响ρ(气态总汞)水平. 贵阳高雁垃圾填埋场大气ρ(活性气态汞),ρ(颗粒态汞),ρ(单甲基汞)和ρ(二甲基汞)的平均值分别为37.4,255.3,12.4和12.7 pg/m3. 虽然不同形态汞的质量浓度明显高于全球背景值,但其产生的环境风险不大.      

东莞与帽峰山黑碳气溶胶浓度变化特征的对比

将东莞(海拔30m,位于平原地区)与帽峰山(海拔550m,位于山地地区)的黑碳气溶胶(BC)浓度进行对比,结果表明,东莞地区BC浓度年均值为5.27mg/m3,帽峰山BC浓度值为2.43mg/m3,两个站点的浓度都比位于珠三角核心区的南村站浓度(8.42μg/m3)低.雨季,东莞与帽峰山BC浓度的日变化特征在中午呈现反位相,这是因为两站近地层受上升气流控制,热对流把地面的BC气溶胶带至高空,地面浓度下降,东莞出现谷值,而高空有了地面的垂直输送补充,帽峰山出现峰值.旱季,华南地区受高压控制,微弱下沉气流对于BC的垂直输送不利,BC的扩散以平流扩散为主,两地日变化情况相近.此外,受BC源远近的影响,东莞的逐月变化(标准差为0.60μg/m3)大于帽峰山(标准差为0.14 μg/m3).通过分析BC吸收系数的波长幂指数α探讨可能的污染来源,发现两地的α值均接近于1,说明两地BC的污染来源相同,均来自于化石燃料的燃烧.     

Probable exclusion of juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in a fetus at risk: An interim report

In a family with two children affected by juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL) an attempt was made at the prenatal diagnosis of the disorder. The following tissues from the fetus at risk were investigated by electron microscopy and were found to be free of fingerprint profiles and curvilinear bodies, typical for JNCL: uncultivated amniotic fluid cells, lymphocytes isolated from fetal blood, and fetal skin biopsy specimens. The child was born at the 34th week of gestation and was clinically normal at the age of 15 months. Postnatally, lymphocytes (isolated at the age of 6 and 15 months) and skin tissue (taken at the age of 15 months) were found to be morphologically normal. It is highly unlikely that the child is affected but definite proof of the absence of JNCL remains difficult at this age.     

Neonatal outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in full term versus early term deliveries: A systematic review and meta-analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to review the optimal timing of delivery at term for neonates with prenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). We reviewed the literature up to December 19, 2022 using MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library databases. The inclusion criteria were original articles, comparative studies of CDH neonates delivered at an early term (37–38 weeks of gestation) and at full term (39 weeks of gestation or later), and comparative studies investigating outcomes of CDH neonates. Six studies met the inclusion criteria, including 985 neonates delivered at an early term and 629 delivered at full term. The cumulative rate of survival to discharge showed no significant difference between CDH neonates delivered at an early term (395/515; 76.7%) or at full term (345/467; 73.9%) (risk ratio [RR] 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89–1.16; p = 0.85). Furthermore, the number of neonates requiring oxygen therapy at discharge was not significantly different between CDH neonates delivered at an early term (32/370; 8.6%) and at full term (14/154; 9.1%) (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.36–2.70; p = 0.99). Therefore, the optimal timing of delivery at term for neonates with CDH remains unclear.     

南京北郊大气细粒子在人体呼吸系统沉积特性

使用宽范围颗粒粒径谱仪(WPS)对2015年1月和4月南京北郊大气气溶胶数浓度进行观测,使用多路径粒子剂量测量模型(MPPD)v.3.04模式估算不同空气质量指数(AQI)级别下、休息与运动状态下,细粒子在人体呼吸系统不同部位的沉积分数(DF)和沉积数浓度.结果发现,核模态和爱根核模态DF在休息和运动状态下近似,积聚模态DF在运动时是休息时的2.49倍.肺部对核模态和爱根核模态总沉积分数(TDF)贡献最大,休息时约占48.17%,运动时约占54.23%,头部对积聚模态TDF贡献最大,休息时约占41.23%,运动时约占80.47%.冬季人体内颗粒物沉积数浓度明显低于春季,各部位中总沉积数浓度大小为:肺部气管支气管头部.与休息时相比,运动时肺部核模态沉积增多,气管及支气管和头部积聚模态沉积增多,且头部表现出空气质量越差,运动较休息增长越多的特点.地区间DF的差异主要由于生理参数不同,沉积数浓度的差异主要由于当地环境中粒子数浓度不同.     

Effect of leachate inoculum on biopretreatment of municipal solid waste by a combined hydrolytic-aerobic process

The biopretreatment of municipal solid waste by a combined hydrolytic-aerobic process has become of great interest for biostabilization or biodrying. The study aimed at investigating the effect of leachate inoculum on the biopretreatment. During the hydrolytic stage, the inoculum addition at the ratio of leachate to waste (LWR) of 5% and 7% stimulated the start-up of hydrolysis and enhanced the hydrolysis rate by 27.4% and 24.2%, respectively; whereas the inoculation at LWR of 1% had almost no effect on the hydrolysis rate and the inoculation at LWR of 10% reduced the hydrolysis rate by 12.7%. During the subsequent aerobic stage, the inoculations at LWRs greater than 5% decreased organics degradation rate. As a whole, compared with none inoculation, the total degradation rates of organics for inoculating trials at LWRs of 5%, 7% and 10% decreased by 14.5%, 14.3% and 32.7%, respectively. Correspondingly, their net water removal rates were reduced by 4.4%, 5.8% and 19.0%. The inoculation at LWR of 1% could not significantly affect the biopretreatment. The inoculum addition at LWR of 5% and 7% could shorten hydrolytic stage and thus accelerate the whole combined process. Moreover, the inoculations at LWRs greater than 5% were favorable for lignocelluloses degradation.     

面向粮食产量空间化的多元回归分析模型中的两个关键问题探讨

为比较不同区域尺度变量对模型拟合效果的影响,在全国不分区和分区两种情况下,分别基于县级和地市级两个区域尺度上的样本构建粮食产量与水田、水浇地、旱地面积之间的多元线性回归模型,结果显示,用地市级数据作分析样本比用县级数据作分析样本好,分区建模比不分区建模效果好。因此,将全国划分为7个区,以地市级数据作为区域尺度的变量,在区域、栅格、亚栅格三个尺度上探讨变量（因变量、自变量）尺度和常数项取值这两个因素对模型应用的影响。得到以下结论：1）基于区域尺度样本构建的多元回归模型,如果常数项不为0,则不能用于空间化计算;如果常数项为0,则可以用于空间化计算;2）基于栅格尺度样本构建的多元回归模型,不论常数项是否为0,均可应用于空间化计算;3）基于亚栅格尺度样本构建的多元回归模型,不论其常数项是否为0,也均可用于空间化计算,但需要将计算结果乘以一个系数,该系数等于栅格单元面积与亚栅格单元面积的比值。上述结论对其他类型的统计数据空间化具有指导和参考价值。