结合优势菌处理分散式小区污水

采用分散式小区污水处理装置并结合优势菌，处理天津市某小区的生活污水，出水回用于该小区居民楼冲厕。整个装置埋于地下，不占地表面积，运行管理简单；优势菌的投加强化了厌氧处理，为后继好氧处理减轻负荷。结果表明，在原水水质CODcr为350—550，NH3-N为100—180，浊度为34—87，pH在6—9之间，出水水质在HRT=5h时，CODcr〈50mg/L，NH3-N〈10mg/L，浊度〈3，且出水无色无味，达到了《城市杂用水水质标准》（GB，118920-2002）的相关要求。     

O_3-MBR法深度处理煤气废水

以经多级生物处理后的煤气废水为原水,采用O3-MBR组合工艺对其进行深度处理,以满足回用要求.结果表明:采用臭氧氧化工艺,当废水pH为11和臭氧投加量〔ρ(臭氧)〕为189.2mg/L时,CODCr和色度的去除率分别为46.5%和80.2%,ρ(BOD5)/ρ(CODCr)由0.02升至0.29,废水的可生化性得到明显改善;臭氧氧化工艺出水再通过MBR作进一步处理,CODCr,NH3-N和色度的去除率分别达23.0%,76.3%和70.0%,且出水水质稳定;总体上,废水经O3-MBR组合工艺处理,CODCr,NH3-N,色度和浊度的平均总去除率分别达到58.7%,76.3%,88.6%和95.1%;处理后出水的ρ(CODCr)50mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)5mg/L,浊度0.2NTU,色度约为30度,出水水质满足生产工艺回用的要求.     

SAF-化学絮凝-微滤膜组合工艺处理高浓度生活污水的试验研究

采用SAF-化学絮凝-微滤分离膜组合工艺对高浓度生活污水进行处理.SAF处理系统对污染物的去除效果良好,CODCr,BOD5,SS和NH4 -N的去除率分别为92%,93%,90%和98%.SAF生物处理系统的出水再经化学絮凝和微滤分离膜深度处理后,CODCr,BOD5,NH4 -N,PO43--P的浓度分别低于40 mg/L,10mg/L,4mg/L,0.3mg/L;浊度小于0.5NTU,色度小于10度.试验结果表明该组合工艺处理后的污水水质优良,可满足生活杂用和市政杂用.     

絮凝-两相厌氧-缺氧-好氧处理腈纶废水的研究

采用絮凝-两相厌氧-缺氧-好氧工艺处理干法腈纶废水,最终出水COD＜250mg/L,NH3-N＜10mg/L,SS＜50mg/L,出水水质达到腈纶行业二级排放标准.     

奶牛养殖废水处理工程分析

采用UASB-接触氧化为主体的工艺处理某奶牛养殖场废水,当原水CODCr质量浓度为3 000～4 000mg/L,NH3-N质量浓度为30～50 mg/L时,该工艺对CODCr的去除率为97%～98%,NH3-N去除率约为80%,配以化学深度处理,出水达到GB 8978-1996<污水综合排放标准>中的一级排放标准.     

两级曝气生物滤池用于生活污水的处理与研究

采用两级曝气生物滤池（BAF）工艺,对生活污水进行处理。试验研究了两级曝气生物滤池（BAF）工艺系统生物膜的培养过程和对CODC4,BOD5、SS、NH3-N等去除效果。试验结果表明生活污水经两级曝气生物滤池（BAF）工艺系统处理后,出水BOD,与CODC4分别低于10mg/L和40mg／L,SS小于10mg／L,浊度小于8NTU,色度小于15度,总磷小于3mg／L,NH3-N小于2mg／L,NO3-N小于5mg／L,细菌小于3个／mL,大肠杆菌未检出;CODCr,BOD5的去除率分别超过90％、95％,SS和NH3-N去除率接近100％,出水稳定,水质较好,符合国家污水综合排放的水质标准,有利于污水的再生利用。     

采用物化和生化相结合的工艺处理盐化工废水

针对典型盐化工废水水质特征,物化处理主要采用混凝沉淀及吹脱去除硫化物及乙炔,生化处理采用水解酸化及曝气生物流化池去除NH4+-N及COD,运行结果表明,该组合工艺可以有效降低废水中主要污染物的含量,出水NH4+-N10 mg/L、CODCr50mg/L、BOD515 mg/L、SS50 mg/L,出水水质优于《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准,运行成本为2.26元/m3。     

UBAF-CMF用于生活污水的处理和回用

采用上流式曝气生物滤池(UBAF)和连续微滤分离膜(CMF)组合工艺,对生活污水进行处理后回用.UBAF-CMF工艺对CODcr,BOD5的去除率超过95%,对SS和NH3-N去除接近100%.出水中BOD5 与CODcr分别低于10mg/L和40mg/L,SS低于3mg/L,浊度小于0.5NTU,色度小于5度,TP低于0. 5mg/L,NH3-N低于2mg/L.系统运行结果表明生活污水经该组合工艺处理后,出水水质优良,符合生活杂用和市政杂用的要求.     

平板膜MBR处理生活污水试验研究

采用平板膜MBR工艺处理小区生活污水,研究了MBR工艺对COD、BOD、NH4+-N、SS及浊度等去除效果,在进水COD、BOD平均浓度为325mg/L、274mg/L的情况下,出水达到20mg/L和8mg/L,去除率在93%以上,SS及浊度去除率达到100%和98%,NH4+-N去除率79%,出水NH4+-N小于10mg/L。通过研究系统三氮转化可知,该系统没有发生反硝化反应,出水NO2--N和NO3--N浓度较高。通过投加葡萄糖人为改变容积负荷,在容积负荷变化3.2kgCOD/m·3d情况下,系统受负荷冲击影响较小,COD去除率仍能保持在88%以上。通过对膜通量的研究发现,膜通量在连续运行的前3天变化不大,第3天后,膜通量迅速降低,第10天后膜污染达到极限,因此清洗周期设定为3～4天。     

生物接触氧化+植物一体化装置处理小城镇污水试验研究

利用“生物接触氧化+植物”一体化装置处理城镇污水,试验最终选用悬浮多面球作填料,采用射流曝气,控制进水流量为0.45 m3/h,进水浓度为COD 63～467 mg/L、NH3-N 11.21～52.7 mg/L、TN 28.6 ～63.5mg/L和TP １.1～6.42 mg/L时,COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到88％、86％、70％、60％以上,出水COD≤30 mg/L,NH3-N≤5 mg/L、TN≤13 mg/L、TP≤0.5 mg/L.水质优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准,具有较好的工程应用前景.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.