热岛季节分析和强热岛日污染物浓度分布分析

文章利用常规气象站资料总结出2001-2010年城市热岛季变化,可以得出结论春季,2006年热岛强度最高,2003年和2005年较低;夏季,2001到2010年有逐年上升的趋势;沈阳秋季,热岛强度平均值2005年以后比2005年以前低;冬季,平均热岛强度2005年出现了冷岛现象,这是四季里相差热岛强度平均值最多的季节;最后利用aermod模式模拟了非热岛日和强热岛日污染物SO2浓度分布情况得出污染物SO2在强热岛日浓度明显大于非热岛日。     

1993—2012年西安城区城市热岛效应强度变化趋势及影响因素分析

基于西安市及其郊区(县)7 个气象观测站1993—2012 年的气温资料,采用回归分析、Mann-Kendall 等方法分析了西安市过去20 a 城市气温、热岛强度的变化规律,从城市经济发展、城市人口增长、城市能源消费等几方面揭示其与城市热岛效应的密切联系;同时运用灰色理论分析了诸影响因素对热岛强度的相对贡献度,并对西安未来热岛强度变化趋势进行了模拟.结果表明:①西安城区和郊区(县)气温均呈现波动上升的变化趋势,城市热岛强度变化具有明显的阶段性特征,且在2000 年以后发生增强突变;②城市化的发展与城市热岛强度的变化具有密切关系,各要素相互之间呈现高度相关性,说明它们之间存在很强的传递作用;各要素与热岛强度呈现出极显著的相关关系,尤其是人口因素与热岛强度的关系最为密切,是影响热岛强度增强变化非常重要的一个综合性指标;从强度、密度和规模效应上来看,人口密度效应大于人口规模效应,经济密度效应稍大于经济规模效应,能耗强度效应大于能源规模效应;③各影响因素对热岛强度变化的贡献度存在明显差异,贡献程度最大的是常住人口数、常住人口密度和建成区面积,它们是影响热岛强度变化最为直接的因素;其余因素对热岛强度变化的贡献度相对较小,是间接的影响因素;④灰色建模显示,西安城市热岛强度在未来几年将继续呈现增强趋势.     

基于植被指数和地表反照率影响的北京城市热岛变化

利用TERRA/MODIS遥感反演的地表温度资料,对2000—2006年北京城市热岛季节变化特征进行了研究,结合同期降水量、植被指数和地表反照率变化,分析了该地夏季城市热岛的年际变化成因. 结果表明:北京多年四季热岛分布主要以城区为中心向周边郊区延伸,其中夏季城市热岛最强,春、秋和冬季较弱,这种热岛强度的季节性差异主要与太阳辐射强度、地表植被覆盖状况和城市人为热释放等的季节性变化密切相关. 北京夏季城市热岛的年际变化特征为:2005和2006年最显著,热岛中心强度分别为10.54和9.61 ℃;2002和2004年城市热岛最弱,热岛中心强度分别为6.54和7.39 ℃. 2000—2006年北京市夏季城市热岛具有明显增强趋势,热岛强度增温率为0.326 ℃/a. 北京夏季降水对城区地表温度影响大于郊区,降水主要通过影响城区地表温度来影响城市热岛变化;夏季地表植被和地表反照率变化对地表温度和城市热岛也均有较大影响. 2000年以来,北京郊区夏季地表植被指数增加率远高于城区,受地表植被和地表反照率变化的影响,郊区降温率明显大于城区,致使城郊温差增大,热岛效应加强.      

石家庄地区气温变化和热岛效应分析

选用石家庄地区17个气象观测站40年(1961-2000年)的平均气温资料,应用气候学、气候统计中的数学方法,对该地区的气温变化状况和城市热岛效应特征进行了分析.结果表明:40年里石家庄地区气温呈上升趋势,1981年是气温升高的显著跃变点;石家庄城市热岛效应明显,40年里热岛强度平均为0.59 ℃;其平均增温率为0.006 6 ℃/a,尤其是20世纪80年代以后,热岛强度增加趋势明显,1981-2000年热岛强度平均值较1961-1980年平均值升高了0.10 ℃;石家庄市热岛强度的增加与市区已建成区面积扩大有密切的关系.      

石河子市热岛效应亮温反演特征及趋势预测

为探求石河子市热岛效应变化特征及其影响因子,文章以1989-2014年Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像反演出同期石河子市亮度温度。通过对热岛效应影响因素分析,结果表明:(1)1989-2014年间,石河子市热岛强度逐年增强,热岛效应由散点状到片状的空间变化特征;(2)人口、经济、NDVI、城市城建成区面积等因素是热岛效应的主要因素,其中城市建成区面积、人口、经济与热岛强度成正比,NDVI与城市热岛效应呈负相关,适当增加城市绿地对于缓解城市热岛效应具有积极作用。(3)从石河子市的热岛效应综合发展指数来看,石河子市正处在高速发展中,热岛效应强度会不断提高,但速率会减缓。     

发展中城市地表热环境与下垫面关系研究

快速发展的中小城市具有与发达城市不同的热环境特征,对其研究有助于理解热岛形成的过程阶段。以2009年、2014年的Landsat影像,通过单窗算法反演快速发展的滨城区的地表温度并提取NDVI、NDBI、MNDWI指数,对城市热岛、冷岛效应及其与下垫面关系进行定性、定量分析,结果表明:滨城区夏季热岛效应明显,地表温度建筑用地耕地林地水体,冬季呈现冷岛效应,地表温度耕地林地建筑用地水体;作为下垫面重要表征组分的植被、水体对改善城市热岛效应有积极作用,不透水面增加会加剧热岛效应,且温度影响效果建筑用地植被水体。城市环境中的气候因素、人为因素和下垫面特性都是热岛、冷岛形成的重要原因,随城市发展,热岛增强,冷岛减弱。     

基于人居尺度的中国城市热岛强度时空变化及其驱动因子解析

全球变暖的大背景下城市地表热环境的日趋恶化是全球现代城市共同面临的生态环境问题之一,对城市地区居民的身心健康、空气质量改善以及植被生长发育等诸多方面造成不利影响.本文利用2001~2018年时间序列MODIS地表温度数据产品,基于一致性方法对我国1232个主要城镇人居斑块（面积>10 km²）的热岛强度及其时空变化模式进行了定量测度,并应用随机森林回归模型（RF）试图揭示人类活动、城市形态、地形、植被以及气象因素对我国城市热岛强度的非线性驱动机制.结果表明,在人居尺度上,我国超过90%的城镇存在显著的昼夜热岛现象;昼夜城市热岛强度分别达到（0.75±0.6）℃和（0.81±0.53）℃,且夏季日间热岛强度显著高于冬季,冬夏季节夜间热岛强度差异不大.2001~2018年间我国白天热岛强度呈现逐年轻微下降趋势,而冬季夜间热岛显著增加,在夏季和年均尺度上则无显著变化.在空间分布上,我国东部沿海省份的白天热岛强度显著高于西北和高原省份,而夜间热岛分布模式正好与之相反.RF回归结果表明,城镇的气候背景（年均降雨量）和地理位置（纬度）是我国昼夜城市热岛的最为重要的两个主控因子.此外,缩小城乡绿色植被覆被差异对白天热岛的减缓将起到一定作用,而优化调控中小型城镇建成区规模与人口密度对缓解我国夜间热岛的持续升高也将起到积极作用.     

珠三角城市群热岛效应时空分布特征

利用珠江三角洲地区城市群24个气象站近30年气温资料和NCEP格点气温资料,分析珠江三角洲的温度变化趋势及城镇化发展对温度场的影响程度。结果表明,珠三角地区温度上升趋势明显,20世纪90年代后期珠三角城市群热岛效应全面形成。珠三角都市群热岛强度呈明显的季节变化,冬季热岛强度最强,夏季最弱;空间上,珠三角热岛效应贡献主要来自中部城市群与沿海城市群,与近年来城市快速城镇化发展紧密相关。     

基于遥感的石河子绿洲冷岛效应时空变化特征及其影响因子分析

论文基于1989、2000和2013年Landsat TM/ETM+和Land 8 TIRS 遥感数据、植被指数（NDVI）、土地利用/土地覆被变化（LUCC）及年均气温等资料分析了石河子绿洲冷岛效应时空变化特征及其影响因子。结果表明：近25 a来,石河子绿洲冷岛效应总体呈先增强后减弱趋势,且市区南部和中东部存在两个高温中心,城市南北向扩展快于东西向。NDVI和地表温度（T_S）负相关性显著（R=-0.912）,且极高温区和高温区植被指数低,反之亦然。1989—2000年极低温区和低温区所占范围扩大,增幅为1.1倍,主要是水域面积增加显著,并由林地、草地、耕地转入,绿洲冷岛效应增强;2000—2013年耕地与草地面积均减小,而极高温区和高温区面积比例从19.64%增加到26.75%,增幅达36.20%,主要是建设用地扩大,致使绿洲冷岛效应减弱,表明T_S与NDVI和LUCC关系密切。此外,城市化指数和气温也是影响绿洲冷岛效应的因子。石河子绿洲气温上升与全球变暖相一致,在未来城市发展中,充分发挥绿洲冷岛效应就显得尤为重要。     

瑞安市气温历史演变特征及城市热岛强度研究

为了解瑞安市近40a气温变化特征及城市热岛效应,首先对1980—2017年瑞安气象站年平均气温、年高温日数等物理量进行统计、对比分析,然后分别采用气象站实测资料与LANDSAT-TM遥感资料对瑞安城市热岛效应进行分析验证,研究结果表明:①瑞安站近38a来气温整体呈明显上升趋势,以2000年为界,近18a较前20a平均气温上升0.7℃,极端最高温度、最高平均温度上升1.2℃,年高温日数增幅达160%;近10a城区代表站年平均气温也呈上升趋势;②利用气象站实测资料直接计算,近10a瑞安市热岛强度有所增强,以2017年为例,热岛强度在6—8月有明显的增强现象;③利用LANDSAT-TM遥感资料反演得到城市地表温度的连续变化后,获得的城市热岛强度与气象站直接计算空间分布趋势一致;④遥感监测结果表明,近40a来瑞安市主城区热岛强度明显增强,强热岛区主要集中在人口较为聚集、建筑较多的中心街道、工业园区等地,山区、水体、绿地呈现冷岛。可见,人类活动及工业生产与城市气温升高密切相关,而水体和山区植被可以有效地降低其附近地温和缓解热岛,是城市气候的调节器。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.