园林AutoCAD课程的教与学

园林AutoCAD是一门实践性很强的课程,但在该课程的教学过程中发现一些问题和误区,影响了其教学和学习效果.针对这些问题和误区,提出了几点改进措施.实践表明,采取这些措施后收到了良好的教学效果.图6,参5.     

多媒体教学在药理学课程教学中的应用探讨

药理学是医学、药学高职高专院校的一门重要的专业基础课程,也是一门桥梁学科．知识更新迅速、学科发展细化,传统教学模式难以取得很好的教学效果．该文结合笔者的教学经验,阐明了药理学课程中应用多媒体教学的必要性、优越性与局限性,并探讨了如何合理应用多媒体技术有效组织药理学教学．参6．     

高等院校《环境与可持续发展》课程建设的思考——以北京石油化工学院为例

《环境与可持续发展》是国内各高校开设的一门公共选修课程。为了更好地发挥该课程在高校环境教育中的重要作用,本文以北京石油化工学院开设的《环境与可持续发展》课程为例,就该课程在课程建设中所取得的成绩和存在不足进行总结,并对该课程的后期建设提出了一些新的思考。     

提高高职护理学基础教学质量的探讨

护理学基础是护理专业的一门主干课程,学好护理学基础对学生以后从事临床工作至关重要.因此,搞好护理学基础的教学必须从提高教师综合素质入手,结合学生的实际情况,充分做好课前准备工作,运用灵活多样的教学方法,加强实习前的培训,让学生牢固地掌握该课程的基本理论和基本技能,打好临床护理工作的基础.参4.     

《动物传染病防治技术》教学内容的选取与组织

《动物传染病防治技术》是畜牧兽医专业的一门主干专业课程．本文根据该课程的课程目标,分析了理论教学内容和实践教学内容的选取依据,确立课程教学内容的同时,探讨了该课程的教学内容的组织与安排．参6．     

给水工程课程教学方法的探讨

《给水工程》是给排水工程技术专业的一门专业核心课程．根据《给水工程》课程的特点、作用,以如何培养学生更好掌握给水工程的基础理论知识、设计能力,提高学生的实践能力和综合素质为目的,探讨了《给水工程》的教学方法．参5．     

系统毒理学及其应用

系统毒理学是近5年来发展起来的一门新兴学科,代表着后基因组时代毒理学发展的新方向.所谓系统毒理学是指通过了解机体暴露后在不同剂量、不同时点的基因表达谱、蛋白质谱和代谢物谱的改变以及传统毒理学的研究参数,借助生物信息学和计算毒理学技术对其进行整合,从而系统地研究外源性化学物和环境应激等与机体相互作用的一门学科.系统毒理学有望在阐明毒物对机体损伤分子机制、分子生物标志物和危险度评价等方面取得突破.在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,综述了系统毒理学的诞生背景、研究策略、研究技术及其主要应用.尽管还有不足之处,但可以肯定系统毒理学的发展和应用将会对人类的环境与健康研究产生极大的推动作用.     

高职院校人文素质教育浅议

在某种意义上说,人文素质比专业知识和专业技能更能反映高职院校人才培养的质量.因此,高职院校应通过加强领导、重视人文知识师资队伍的建设、推行人文课程学分制、提倡教师课后指导、开展人文素质教育活动、建立人文课程学习的评价机制等途径来加强人文素质教育.     

高职《园林树木栽培技术》课程实践教学改革探讨

《园林树木栽培技术》课程是湖南环境职业技术学院园林专业的主干课程之一.该课程2007年作为学院精品课程建设项目.课程实践性很强,切实搞好该课程的实践教学是提升该课程教学质量的关键环节,因此,该课程始终将实践教学作为其课程改革的主要内容和任务.增加实践学时、更新实践内容、改进实践教学方法、完善实践考核制度是该课程作为改革的重点.参3.     

提高高职院校《思想道德修养与法律基础》课程教学实效性方法探索

高职院校的《思想道德修养与法律基础》作为高校新生的一门必修课,由于师资队伍不稳定,学生思想认识和主观偏差,教学方法不当和考核方式不完善等原因,导致《基础》课教学效果不佳,学生认同程度不高,更难以唤起学生的主动参与和体悟,要改变这一现状,应从做好课程设计、明确教学目标、改进教学方法、遵循德育规律、探索多样化教学途径和模式入手.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Environmental education in comprehensive schools in Greece

The new institution of comprehensive high school, in Greece today, aims to relate the school with the natural, social, economical and cultural environment. In this frame of process, interrelation and dynamic contact of school with the holistic environment, the subject “Ecology and Environment”; of the 2nd class (16–17 years old), informs, sensitizes and activizes the anxious young generation. The textbook of the subject determines and analyzes the human impact and their consequences to the natural ecosystems. In the total content there are also numerous examples from the natural, man‐made and cultural environment of Greece.     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

Variation in male courtship costs in butterflies

A cost of mating is common to both sexes but has predominantly been examined in females. In species where males provide resources to females at copulation, male mating costs are expected to be high as nutrient provisioning enhancing female fecundity is assumed to carry costs. In addition, males frequently court females prior to mating, which is known to carry survival costs to both sexes. However, the magnitude and basis of variation in males’ mating costs remains largely unknown. Here, I examine the effect of nutrient provisioning and courtship on male longevity across full-sib families in the paternally investing green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi. Copulating males suffered a survival cost as did courting males prevented from copulating, indicating the courtship component of mating is costly. Male P. napi release aphrodisiacs during courtship to promote mating, indicating that these compounds may also be costly to produce. Contrary to expectation, nutrient provisioning was not associated with reduced survival relative to males only allowed to court females, although it is possible that this could be masked by the potentially elevated courtship rates of courting males relative to mating males. Families differed in magnitude of reduced male survivorship, indicating a likely genetic basis to variation in costs of courtship and copulation. Male weight was unrelated to longevity and mating success, whereas longevity strongly influenced male mating success, indicating lifespan is an important male fitness trait in this species.     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.