广东汕头海岸湿地鸟类群落与多样性的研究

对广东汕头海岸湿地的鸟类资源进行了调查，共记录鸟类100种，隶属15日31科，其中古北界鸟类43种，东洋界鸟类45种，广布种鸟类12种。区系组成呈南北鸟类混杂分布，鸟类的多样性表现出明显季节性。该湿地有国家二级重点保护鸟类10种，中日候鸟保护协定名录中的鸟类43种。5个湿地样区主要鸟类种类和数量的调查结果表明，汕头海岸湿地是水鸟类重要的越冬栖息场，鸟类群落多样性指数以三屿围和六合围两个样区较高，分别为3．2306和3．2283；濠江口的多样性指数较低，为1．98l。群落多样性指数的高低主要受物种数量和各物种数量均匀度的影响。文章还提出了对鸟类资源保护和管理的建议。     

广州南沙湿地鸟类群落组成、多样性和保护策略

采用系统抽样技术和样带法，对广州南沙地区湿地鸟类群落进行了研究，共记录到95种，隶属15目34科68属。国家Ⅱ类保护种类11种，广东省重点保护鸟类16种。东洋界鸟类44种，古北界种类41种，广布型种类10种。鸟类群落多样性以近岸及海岸湿地最高，多样性指数3．4250，均匀性指数0．8711。南沙地区湿地鸟类资源丰富，分析了鸟类的重要性和稀缺性，开发建设必须正确处理湿地鸟类保护的关系，实现生态环境可持续发展，并提出厂相应的保护措施。     

闽江口湿地的鸟类研究

1998－2000年对福建省闽江口湿地的鸟类资源进行了调查，共记录鸟类86种，隶属11目23科，其中古北界鸟类59种（68.6%），东洋界鸟类27种（31.4%），区系组成呈现南、北鸟类混杂分布，以古北界鸟类为主的特征，留鸟12种，占鸟类总数13.9％；迁徒鸟74种，占86.1%。该湿地鸟类的多样性表现出明显的季节性，迁徒季节鸟类的各类和数量都最多，繁殖季节则最少，该湿地有国家二级保护鸟类9种，中日修鸟保护协定名录中的鸟类49种，并对鸟类资源的保护和管理提出了建议。     

广东汕头海岸湿地鸟类群落及其多样性

对广东汕头海岸湿地的鸟类资源进行了调查,共记录鸟类100种,隶属15目31科,其中古北界鸟类43种,东洋界鸟类45种,广布种鸟类12种.区系组成呈南北鸟类混杂分布,鸟类的多样性表现出明显的季节性.该湿地有国家二级重点保护鸟类10种,中日候鸟保护协定名录中的鸟类43种.对5个湿地样区的主要鸟类种类和数量进行了调查,结果反映汕头海岸湿地是水鸟类重要的越冬栖息场,鸟类群落多样性指数以三屿围和六合围两个样区较高,分别为3.2306和3.2283,濠江口的多样性指数较低,为1.981.群落多样性指数的高低主要受物种数量和各物种数量均匀度的影响.本文还提出了对鸟类资源保护和管理的建议.表3参9     

东鄱阳湖国家湿地公园越冬水鸟多样性及其年际动态

于2015-2020年每年1月采用样区直数法对东鄱阳湖国家湿地公园18个样区的水鸟进行1次监测,探讨6年间水鸟数量和多样性指数的变化规律.共记录水鸟7目12科47种87 433只.雁形目种类占绝对优势,其个体数占水鸟总数量的75.33%.共记录国家I级重点保护鸟类4种(白鹤Grusleucogeranus、白枕鹤Grusvipio、东方白鹳Ciconiaboyciana和黑鹳Ciconia nigra)以及国家II级重点保护鸟类5种.水鸟数量和物种数主要由雁形目和鸻形目鸟类组成,雁形目水鸟数量呈上升趋势,鸻形目水鸟数量波动大且呈下降趋势.鸬鹚类、鹳类、??类、鸥类的年际变化曲线类似.鹤类和鸻鹬类的数量高峰与低谷正好与上述4种水鸟类群相反.共记录优势种6种,以雁形目鸟类为主,其中豆雁Anser fabalis是连续6年的优势种.研究期间物种数(31-38种)变化不大,数量(7 313-21 883只)变化明显. 2020年多样性指数和均匀度指数均为6年中最低,主要因为豆雁占绝对优势(44.38%).上述结果表明东鄱阳湖国家湿地公园的水鸟资源丰富,在鄱阳湖濒危水鸟和水鸟多样性的保护与维持上发挥着重要作用;鸻鹬类较雁鸭类更难适应水位的变化;鸬鹚类、鹳类、??类、鸥类的生态需求类似,与鹤类和鸻鹬类的生态需求存在较大差异;湖区多样的微生境才能维持较高的水鸟多样性.(图2表3参34)     

苏州工业园区不同生境鸟类群落结构及季节动态

2012年5月至2013年4月,在苏州工业园区选择了4种生境,设置了17条样线、24个样点,逐月对鸟类群落进行了研究。共记录到鸟类130种,隶属12目41科,雀形目鸟类占主要地位,其中留鸟、夏候鸟、冬候鸟和旅鸟分别占鸟类总种数的26.15%、25.38%、27.69%和20.77%。区系以广布种和古北界种类为主,兼有东洋界种类,具有南北过渡的明显特征。从季节动态变化上看,园区鸟种数由多到少表现为春季冬季秋季夏季;密度由高到低表现为冬季秋季春季夏季。湿地生境鸟类种数最多,分布均匀;道路生境鸟类种数最少,分布不均,但优势种突出,以常见的伴人雀形目鸟类为主。聚类结果显示,环境条件是影响鸟类组成的重要因素。     

黄河三角洲自然保护区秋冬季水鸟群落组成与生境关系分析

于2014年10月至2015年1月采用样线调查法对黄河三角洲自然保护区秋季迁徙期和越冬期水鸟群落结构进行调查研究,调查共包括8条样线40个观测点.结果表明:(1)秋季迁徙期共记录水鸟6目14科54种,国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类5种,国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类8种;越冬期共记录水鸟5目7科31种,国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类1种,国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类4种.(2)2个时期雁形目水鸟种类和数量均占优势,豆雁(Anser fabalis)、斑嘴鸭(Anas poecilorhycha)、赤膀鸭(Anas strepera)和绿头鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)为优势物种,丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)、东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)和大大鹅(Cygnus cygnus)等珍稀水鸟也有一定的种群数量.(3)秋季迁徙期水鸟种数、数量和ShannonWiener多样性指数多于或高于越冬期.(4)5种典型生境之间水鸟种类和数量存在差异,天然水域是水鸟群落的主要分布区.(5)自然生境内的水鸟种数、数量和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数一般多于或高于人工生境.相似性分析结果表明,自然生境之间水鸟群落结构相似程度高于人工生境.     

广州南沙红树林湿地鸟类群落多样性(2005～2010)

为探讨城市化对鸟类群落的影响,2005～2010年对广州南沙红树林湿地鸟类群落多样性进行了研究.结果表明:共记录鸟类149种,隶属于16目42科97属;其中冬候鸟或旅鸟77种,占51.7%,留鸟63种,占42.3%,夏候鸟9种,占6.0%;鸟类群落呈现出较强的季节性,从总体上看,物种数和总数量呈现秋冬季高峰,夏季最低.红树林湿地区具有最高的鸟类物种多样性与科属多样性,物种多样性和科属多样性变化趋势表现为红树林湿地区>河涌林带区>水域区.南沙红树林湿地的保护对丰富鸟类群落多样性具有重要作用.     

鄱阳湖康山和都昌水鸟多样性动态研究

2017—2019年,采用样区直数法对鄱阳湖区康山湖区候鸟自然保护区(简称康山)和都昌候鸟自然保护区(简称都昌)水鸟多样性进行调查,共记录水鸟9目12科48种159 701只,其中康山38种38 074只,都昌42种121 627只。记录到国家I级重点保护鸟类5种,分别为中华秋沙鸭(Mergus squamatus)、白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)、白头鹤(Grus monacha)、东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)和黑鹳(Ciconia nigra);国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类5种。国家保护动物种类和主要类群在康山和都昌分布差异较大,2个保护区在水鸟保护上各有优势。2个保护区水鸟优势种共计10种,其中,康山水鸟优势种有8种,包括雁鸭类和鹬类等,都昌仅记录3种水鸟优势种,均为雁鸭类。调查期内,每年康山水鸟物种数、个体数和群落优势度指数均低于都昌,水鸟多样性指数和均匀度指数则高于都昌。推测这种差异与2个保护区的微生境有关。康山和都昌水鸟物种的差异,体现2个保护区在国家重点保护鸟类和优势水鸟的保护上起到了生态功能互补作用,应继续加强对2个保护区的保护。     

梅江流域鸟类群落结构及其多样性

采用固定样带法和样点法对梅江流域的鸟类群落进行了研究,共记录到201种,隶属16目49科127属,其中留鸟81种、冬候鸟67种、夏候鸟40种、旅鸟13种,分别占40．1％、33．3％、19．9％、6．7％;古北界种类95种（占47．3％）,东洋界种类64种（占31．8％）,广布型种类42种（占20．9％）;国家I级保护种类1种,国家II级保护种类21种（占10％）;《国际湿地公约》指定种类24种（占12％）,《中澳候鸟保护协议》指定种类22种（占11％）,《中日候鸟保护协议》指定种类76种（占38％）,《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）指定种类19种（占9％）,有益的、有重要经济价值的、有重要科学研究价值的物种155种（占77％）。该流域的鸟类群落多样性指数3．7617,均匀度指数0．7093。     

重庆库区不同海拔段繁殖鸟类群落的物种多样性

1996~1997年,对三峡工程重庆库区的鸟类群落的物种组成和种群数量进行了调查,共调查记录库区繁殖鸟类12目40科170种,数量17326只,其中留鸟有104种,占繁殖鸟总数的61.2%,夏侯鸟66种,占38.8%.用秩-多度曲线对不同海拔段的繁殖鸟类群落进行多样性分析的结果显示:1)秩-多度曲线方法的结果比Shannon-Wiener等物种多样性指数更直观,能更全面地反映多样性状况,该曲线可以对不同群落或相同群落在不同时间的物种多样性进行比较,是分析生物多样性的一种最直观的方法;2)人类干扰是影响各海拔段繁殖鸟类群落物种多样性的主要因素,人类干扰越强烈,鸟类群落物种多样性越低.图2表3参20     

The width of riparian habitats for understory birds in an Amazonian forest

Riparian habitats are important for the maintenance of regional biodiversity. Many studies have compared bird distributions between riparian and non-riparian habitats but have not established how wide riparian habitats used by birds are, as measured by distance from the nearest stream. We investigated the distribution of understory birds along gradients of distance from streams, soil clay content, and slope in a central Amazonian forest, by mist-netting birds three times in 45 plots. We used nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) to reduce the dimensionality of species quantitative (abundance) and qualitative (presence-absence) composition to one multivariate axis. Estimates of the width of riparian habitats as indicated by understory birds depended on the community attribute considered, measuring 90 m for species quantitative composition and 140 m for species qualitative composition. Species distributions were correlated with clay content but were independent of slope, while distance from streams was positively correlated with clay content but independent of slope. Clay content affects plant species composition, which in turn, may influence bird species composition. However, distribution patterns of birds in relation to distance from streams are consistent among studies carried out in many different temperate and tropical regions, indicating an effect of distance from streams itself. Protection of riparian habitats is one of the most widely used conservation strategies, and Brazilian environmental legislation mandates the protection of a 30 m wide strip of riparian vegetation on either side of small streams. We show that the protected strip should be much wider and recommend strategies to place other forms of land protection contiguous with riparian areas so that Brazilian environmental legislation better fulfills its role of protecting biodiversity associated with riparian habitats.     

Dwarf mongoose and hornbill mutualism in the Taru desert,Kenya

Summary Dwarf mongooses in the Taru desert region of Kenya form foraging communities with a variety of endemic bird species, especially hornbills. The prey spectra of the mongooses and hornbills overlap almost completely. For the other bird species forming the foraging community only partial overlap exists. The association between the birds and mongooses is actively sought by both parties. The birds wait in tress around the termite mound where the monogooses are sleeping for them to emerge and the mongooses delay their foraging departure if no birds are present. There is a positive relationship between the number of mongooses in the group and the number of birds accompanying them. A true mutualism only exists between the mongooses and the two hornbill species Tockus deckeni and T. flavirostris since their presence or arrival affects the subsequent start of foraging. These two hornbill species have also been observed to influence the start of foraging actively by means of two behaviour patterns termed chivvying and waking. Both the mongooses and birds are exposed to a high predator pressure from raptors with an overlap in the birds of prey predating the various species. This predator pressure is counteracted behaviourally by the mongooses by means of an altruistic behaviour pattern, guarding. Both mongooses and birds warn vocally and flee when a raptor is sighted. The mongooses modify their guarding behaviour to compensate for the warning behaviour of the birds in two ways: (a) fewer mongooses guard when large numbers of birds are present and vice versa, (b) the frequency of the mongooses' intraspecific warning calls is significantly reduced in cases where birds are present in comparison with those where they are absent. The birds also sight and respond to the raptor first on significantly more occasions than the mongooses. In addition, the birds also warn for raptor species which do not predate them but which are mongoose predators, not, however, for raptors which are not mongoose predators. This mutualistic association with its high degree of compensatory behaviour by both parties appears to be unique for free-living vertebrates and has its closest parallel in the trophobiosis described for ants and aphids.     

湖南隆回打鸟坳迁徙鸟类资源的调查研究

采用路线调查、样方调查法、鸟类鸣叫声音统计法和走访调查等调查研究方法,对湖南隆回打鸟坳迁徙鸟类资源进行了调查研究,发现该地计有迁徙鸟类10目21科56种,其中留鸟有22种,占39%,夏候鸟有7种,占13%,旅鸟有27,占48%.同时分析了打鸟坳鸟类扑火的原因,并对打鸟坳鸟类资源保护提出了一些建议.     

Gap Crossing Decisions by Forest Songbirds during the Post-Fledging Period

Gaps in forest cover, created by agriculture, forestry, and other anthropogenic activities, are assumed to impede the movements of many forest songbirds. Little is known, however, about the reluctance of different species of birds to cross habitat gaps. We studied this by inducing birds in the post-fledging period to cross gaps of varying widths and to choose between routes through woodland or across open areas by attracting them to a recording of mobbing calls by Chickadees (  Parus atricapillus). In 278 experiments conducted in boreal forest and agricultural landscapes near Québec city, 157 birds or flocks of birds of five species were attracted. Overall, birds were twice as likely to travel through 50 m of woodland than through 50 m in the open to reach the recording. When given a choice of traveling through woodland or across a gap, the majority of respondents preferred woodland routes, even when they were three times longer than shortcuts in the open. However, species differed greatly in their response to gaps. Our results show that woodland links significantly facilitate movements of birds across fragmented landscapes.     

Responses of Seed‐Dispersing Birds to Amount of Rainforest in the Landscape around Fragments

Habitat loss and fragmentation alter the composition of bird assemblages in rainforest. Because birds are major seed dispersers in rainforests, fragmentation‐induced changes to frugivorous bird assemblages are also likely to alter the ecological processes of seed dispersal and forest regeneration, but the specific nature of these changes is poorly understood. We assessed the influence of fragment size and landscape forest cover on the abundance, species composition, and functional properties of the avian seed disperser community in an extensively cleared, former rainforest landscape of subtropical Australia. Bird surveys of fixed time and area in 25 rainforest fragments (1–139 ha in size across a 1800 km² region) provided bird assemblage data which were coupled with prior knowledge of bird species’ particular roles in seed dispersal to give measurements of seven different attributes of the seed disperser assemblage. We used multimodel regression to assess how patch size and surrounding forest cover (within 200 m, 1000 m, and 5000 m radii) influenced variation in the abundance of individual bird species and of functional groups based on bird species’ responses to fragmentation and their roles in seed dispersal. Surrounding forest cover, specifically rainforest cover, generally had a greater effect on frugivorous bird assemblages than fragment size. Amount of rainforest cover within 200 m of fragments was the main factor positively associated with abundances of frugivorous birds that are both fragmentation sensitive and important seed dispersers. Our results suggest a high proportion of local rainforest cover is required for the persistence of seed‐dispersing birds and the maintenance of seed dispersal processes. Thus, even small rainforest fragments can function as important parts of habitat networks for seed‐dispersing birds, whether or not they are physically connected by vegetation. Respuestas de Aves Dispersoras de Semillas al Incremento de Selvas en el Paisaje Alrededor de Fragmentos     

内蒙古包头民航机场及周边地区鸟类组成及生态分布

2006年8月-2007年7月,对包头机场周边7km范围内的鸟类组成及生态分布进行了调查,共记录到鸟类153种,分属16目39科。其中留鸟31种,夏候鸟67种,旅鸟47种,冬候鸟8种。该地区繁殖鸟(包括留鸟和夏候鸟)有98种,占调查区鸟类总数的64.05%,其中北方型种类有81种,占繁殖鸟总数的82.65%,表现出明显的古北界鸟类区系特征。调查区分为湿地、林地、草地、农田、居民区、山地、跑道与停机坪7种生境类型,对各生境中鸟类进行了分析。