不同浓度甲醛致小鼠肾细胞DNA损伤效应研究

为了探讨甲醛导致生物机体内的DNA损伤效应及其剂量-效应关系,通过不同浓度的液态甲醛对小鼠肾细胞进行染毒,并分别运用了单细胞凝胶电泳实验、荧光检测法实验和KCl-SDS沉淀法实验进行研究.结果显示,甲醛在低浓度(5μmol·L-1)时,具有致DNA断裂的作用;在中等浓度(25μmol·L-1)时,对DNA的损伤作用以DNA-DNA交联为主;在高浓度(125、625μmol·L-1)时,对DNA的损伤作用以DNA-蛋白质交联为主.     

应用蚯蚓彗星实验检测环境甲醛的生态毒性

为了检测甲醛对环境的生态毒性,用不同剂量的液态甲醛和不同浓度的气态甲醛对赤子爱胜蚓染毒1 h,利用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(又称彗星实验)和氯化钾-十二烷基硫酸钠沉淀法(K-SDS)检测蚯蚓细胞的DNA损伤和DNA-蛋白质交联情况.实验结果发现,甲醛在低剂量或低浓度水平(5、25μmol·L-1;0.522 、1.308 mg·m-3)时,可以引起轻微的DNA损伤--DNA分子断裂(p＜0.01);在高剂量或高浓度水平(125、625μmol·L-1;2.1 mg·m-3)时,可以导致严重的DNA损伤,即DNA-蛋白质交联(p＜0.01).结果表明,低浓度的甲醛可以引起蚯蚓细胞DNA断裂,较高浓度的甲醛可以导致蚯蚓细胞DNA-蛋白质交联,且DNA损伤的程度与甲醛浓度具有良好的量效关系.     

甲醛致DNA-蛋白质交联作用及其修复的研究

为了探讨甲醛致生物机体DNA-蛋白质交联作用及其修复能力,以昆明纯系小鼠和人肝癌细胞系HepG2为实验材料分别进行体内和体外实验,采用KCl-SDS沉淀法来检测甲醛染毒后小鼠肝细胞和HepG2细胞中DNA-蛋白质交联的含量及其修复效果.体内实验结果表明,低浓度的气态甲醛(0.5 mg·m-3)不能引起DNA-蛋白质的交联,较高浓度的甲醛(1.0 mg·m-3,3.0 mg·m-3,p＜0.01)可以产生明显的DNA-蛋白质交联作用;由3.0 mg·m-3浓度的气态甲醛产生的DNA-蛋白质交联在12h内可以得到明显的修复,并在24 h内恢复到空白对照水平.体外实验结果表明,经低浓度液态甲醛(25 μmol·L-1和50μmol·L-1)处理后,HepG2细胞内的DPC系数虽然稍有变化,但是与空白对照组相比较无显著差异,而当甲醛浓度上升至75 μmol·L-1及以上时,细胞中的DPC系数出现了极显著上升(p＜0.01);采用75 μmol·L-1甲醛染毒HepG2细胞,在染毒18h和24 h后,细胞内的DPC水平较染毒结束时发生了极显著的下降(p＜0.01),且与空白对照组相比无显著差异.以上结果显示,低浓度的甲醛不能引起DNA-蛋白质的交联,较高浓度的甲醛可以引起明显的DNA-蛋白质的交联作用,且甲醛所致的DNA-蛋白质交联在体内修复比体外修复所需时间要短.     

镉致黑斑蛙肝脏中ROS生成及其蛋白质氧化损伤作用

在实验条件下,将健康性成熟黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)暴露于0.005、0.010、0.050和0.100mg·L-1浓度的镉溶液中30d,采用2,4二硝基苯肼比色法测定肝组织蛋白质羰基含量,KCl-SDS沉淀法测定DNA-蛋白质交联含量,并测定了肝组织中活性氧自由基(ROS)的水平,以探讨镉对黑斑蛙肝组织蛋白质的氧化损伤作用及其作用机制.结果表明,随染镉浓度的增加,黑斑蛙肝线粒体中的ROS水平明显升高,各染毒组与对照组相比有显著性差异;肝蛋白质羰基(PCO)含量和DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)也随镉暴露浓度的增加而升高,且均呈明显的浓度-效应关系,但这种升高仅在镉浓度为0.05、0.10mg.L-1时才具有显著意义.结果还显示,低浓度镉的长期暴露可引起黑斑蛙肝蛋白质氧化损伤和DNA损伤,诱导产生大量自由基可能是导致蛋白质和DNA产生损伤的主要机制之一.     

甲醛致核酸损伤作用的实验研究

应用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(SCGE)和液相色谱-电化学检测法(HPLC-EC)研究了典型环境污染物甲醛对DNA分子的损伤效应．结果表明：甲醛不仅可诱导人外周血淋巴细胞DNA发生链断裂,还可引起DNA-DNA,DNA-蛋白质交联;甲醛与小牛胸腺DNA的体外作用较弱,但在铁离子介导下对DNA的氧化能力增强,可产生一定量的8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)加合物：动物实验表明甲醛诱导大鼠肺组织DNA氧化损伤生成8-OHdG,提示甲醛较强的遗传毒性．     

气态甲醛致小白鼠肝脏DNA-DNA交联的研究

为了探讨气态甲醛致生物体内DNA-DNA交联效应,进一步评价甲醛的遗传毒性作用,以昆明纯系小鼠为实验材料,进行了72 h动态吸入式连续染毒,采用荧光检测法检测甲醛染毒后小鼠肝细胞DNA-DNA交联形成的效应.实验结果表明,0.5 mg·m-3的气态甲醛能引起明显的DNA-DNA交联(p＜0.05),较高浓度的甲醛(1.0mg·m-3、3.0 mg·m-3,p＜0.01)可以产生极为明显的DNA-DNA交联作用.以上实验结果显示了0.5mg·m-3的气态甲醛就能致生物体内DNA-DNA交联效应,且随着浓度的升高DNA-DNA交联率越高.     

人体颊黏膜细胞彗星实验方法学研究

为探索一种简便、直接检测环境诱变物对人体靶细胞遗传毒性的方法,笔者以甲醛作为染毒剂,对人体口腔颊黏膜细胞彗星实验的染毒时间、染毒温度和2种用于检测交联作用的方案进行了研究。结果显示:经7 5μmol L甲醛37℃染毒30和60min后,DNA的断裂程度较染毒15min更大;而经该浓度甲醛在4,23和37℃下染毒30min后均可引起DNA的断裂,但37℃下染毒对DNA的断裂作用更大。在2种应用于检测交联作用的方案中,加大电泳条件的交联检测方案还可检测兼具交联和断裂效应的诱变物。      

农药毒死蜱对小鼠脑细胞氧化损伤的研究

毒死蜱是一种高效、低毒、广谱的有机磷杀虫杀螨剂.为研究其对生物体的氧化损伤,以昆明小鼠为受试体,毒死蜱按3、6和12 mg·kg-13个剂量水平灌胃染毒小鼠7d,以脑组织匀浆测定活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)、还原型谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量,以脑细胞测定DNA-蛋白质交联(DNA-protein Crosslink,DPC)系数.实验结果表明,随着毒死蜱染毒剂量的升高,ROS和MDA含量及DPC系数逐渐上升,GSH含量逐渐降低,各指标呈一定的剂量-效应关系.染毒剂量为6 mg·kg-1时,与对照组相比,DPC有显著差异(p＜0.05),MDA有极显著差异(P＜0.01);染毒剂量为12 mg·kg-1时,与对照组相比,ROS和DPC有显著差异(p＜0.05),GSH和MDA有极显著差异(p＜0.01).说明较高剂量的毒死蜱可造成小鼠脑组织的氧化损伤和DNA-蛋白质交联作用增强.     

乙醛对脱氧核糖核酸分子的损伤作用

应用单细胞凝胶电泳技术和液相色谱-电化学检测法研究了典型环境污染物乙醛对脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)分子的损伤效应.结果表明:乙醛不仅可诱导人外周血淋巴细胞DNA发生链断裂,还可引起DNA-DNA,DNA-蛋白质交联;乙醛与小牛胸腺DNA的体外作用较弱,但在铁离子介导下对DNA的氧化能力增强,可产生一定量的8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)加合物;动物实验表明,乙醛诱导大鼠肺组织DNA氧化损伤生成8-OHdG, 提示乙醛具有潜在遗传毒性,可能与引起DNA交联及氧化有关.     

DNA链断裂作为醛类污染物接触标志物的研究

应用单细胞凝胶电泳技术,通过对小鼠脾淋巴细胞染毒试验,测定了甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛单独及联合作用下对细胞DNA分子链的断裂损伤.结果表明,3种醛均能引起DNA分子发生链断裂,对于乙醛和丙烯醛存在明确的剂量(反应关系,3种化合物还存在着一定的协同作用.上述结果提示醛类污染物潜在致癌性的一个可能机制以及DNA断裂作为醛类化合物接触标志物的可能性.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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