青岛市不同下垫面微生物气溶胶分布特征

分别在青岛市市区街道、海滨区域、饮用水水源地、城市垃圾填埋场和人工湿地污水处理厂设置监测点,分析比较不同下垫面空气细菌和真菌浓度、日变化和粒径分布. 结果表明:5个下垫面空气细菌浓度依次为城市垃圾填埋场>市区街道>饮用水水源地>海滨区域>人工湿地污水处理厂,真菌浓度依次为城市垃圾填埋场>人工湿地污水处理厂>饮用水水源地>市区街道>海滨区域,其中城市垃圾填埋场空气细菌和真菌浓度最高,分别为(613.1±68.9)、(1300.4±74.3)CFU/m3,其他下垫面空气的细菌和真菌浓度分别在(155.5±14.2)～(596.6±396.4)和(401.9±78.7)～(994.7±63.4)CFU/m3之间. 海滨区域空气细菌浓度下午明显高于上午和中午,其他下垫面表现为上午>下午>中午,但无显著性差异;市区街道、饮用水水源地、人工湿地污水处理厂的空气真菌浓度日变化表现为上午>中午>下午,城市垃圾填埋场则始终升高,除人工湿地污水处理厂和城市垃圾填埋场不同时段间空气真菌浓度有显著性差异外,其余下垫面无显著性差异. 细菌气溶胶粒径分布为F1级(粒径>7.0μm)最高,呈偏态分布;真菌气溶胶粒径呈对数正态分布,除城市垃圾填埋场峰值出现在F3级(3.3~4.7μm)外,其余下垫面均出现在F4级(2.1~3.3μm). 不同下垫面细菌气溶胶中值直径在2.8~4.6μm,存在差异;而不同下垫面空气真菌气溶胶中值直径均在2.0μm左右,无显著性差异.      

西安市不同天气下可培养微生物气溶胶浓度变化特征

为探明天气状况对可培养微生物气溶胶分布特性的影响,于2014年8月-2015年7月利用Anderson六级空气微生物采样器对西安市微生物气溶胶进行采样,通过培养法检测分析了可培养细菌和真菌气溶胶在1 a的月际与季节性浓度变化特征,重点研究了不同天气状况下气溶胶的浓度与粒径分布.结果表明:西安市可培养细菌和真菌气溶胶月均浓度均在10月最高,分别为（1 004.81±546.14）和（765.54±544.36）CFU/m3.可培养细菌和真菌气溶胶的季节平均浓度均在夏季最低,分别为（361.96±56.96）和（280.33±74.43）CFU/m3;不同天气条件下气溶胶的浓度变化为晴天 < 雨天 < 阴云天 < 霾天.可培养细菌气溶胶在晴天、阴云天、雨天和霾天粒径分布的峰值分别出现在3.3~4.7、4.7~7.0、3.3~4.7、3.3~4.7 μm区间上,表现为明显的单峰分布;而可培养真菌气溶胶的粒径分布在非霾天则无显著性差异（P>0.05）.不同天气状况下可呼吸微生物气溶胶均超过总微生物气溶胶的60%.各天气状况下可培养细菌气溶胶的几何中值直径大于真菌气溶胶.      

北京市不同季节室外细菌气溶胶分布特征及其环境影响因素分析

为了解北京市室外细菌气溶胶的分布特征,基于培养法分析了2020年9月—2021年5月不同季节细菌气溶胶浓度及粒径的分布特征,探讨气象因素(温度和相对湿度)和空气颗粒物(PM₁₀和PM_2.5)对细菌气溶胶分布特征的影响. 结果表明:①北京市室外细菌气溶胶平均浓度为447.10 CFU/m3 (每立方米空气中的菌落形成单位),呈春季〔(648.55±537.24)CFU/m3〕>冬季〔(324.50±181.99)CFU/m3〕>秋季〔(319.59±305.07)CFU/m3〕的特征,不同季节细菌气溶胶浓度差异不显著. ②北京市室外约80%的细菌气溶胶直径大于2.1 μm,细菌气溶胶浓度在第2级(粒径为4.7~7.0 μm)显著降低,峰值粒径出现在第1级(粒径>7.0 μm). 粒径大于7.0 μm的细菌气溶胶在春季与秋季以及春季与冬季之间均存在统计学差异 (p均小于0.05). 可进入人体下呼吸道的细菌气溶胶(≤4.7 μm)比例近50%(冬季、秋季、春季占比分别为61.0%、58.9%、41.6%),冬季空气中可进入人体下呼吸道的细菌气溶胶比例最高. ③Spearman相关性分析表明,室外环境细菌气溶胶浓度与相对湿度呈显著负相关(p<0.05),与PM₁₀浓度呈显著正相关(p<0.05),表明细菌气溶胶浓度受气象因素和空气污染物的影响. 研究显示,北京市室外环境中可进入人体下呼吸道的细菌气溶胶比例近50%,冬季细菌气溶胶暴露风险最高.      

青岛近海生物气溶胶中可培养微生物浓度及群落多样性的季节变化

为了研究近海生物气溶胶中可培养微生物浓度和群落多样性,于2009年7月~2010年6月在青岛两个采样点连续采集生物气溶胶样品,分析了其中陆源细菌、海源细菌、陆源真菌和海源真菌的浓度,并计算了Shannon-Weiner指数、Simpson’s指数和Pielou指数.结果表明,陆源细菌和海源细菌月均浓度分别为12~436 CFU·m-3和25~561 CFU·m-3,陆源真菌和海源真菌月均浓度分别为0~817 CFU·m-3和11~1 346 CFU·m-3之间.陆源细菌、海源细菌、陆源真菌和海源真菌浓度在冬季月份较低,2月达到最低值,在春夏月份较高.海源微生物对总可培养类微生物的贡献高于陆源,平均占63%.可培养微生物物种数在17~102之间,与微生物浓度具有一定的相关性,但并未呈现出明显的季节变化.3种指数表明,生物气溶胶中陆源细菌、海源细菌、陆源真菌和海源真菌的群落结构在2月最简单,1月、11月和5月群落多样性较高,群落多样性与浓度的季节变化特征并不一致,而且不同类别的微生物群落存在季节和空间差异.     

喷泉产生的细菌气溶胶空间分布特性

为阐明喷泉产生的细菌气溶胶空间分布特性,利用大肠杆菌NK5449作为试验菌株,通过喷泉喷洒试验,使用安德森六级空气采样器采集喷泉周围空间的细菌气溶胶,研究各级细菌气溶胶的浓度和粒径分布特征和变化规律,并分析其与液滴直径的相关性.结果表明,在高度0.75~1.75 m,距离喷头0.5~3 m的范围内,细菌气溶胶总浓度在(38±15)~(676±92)CFU·m-3之间,并随着高度的增加和与喷头之间水平距离的增大而逐渐降低,且与液滴直径呈显著负相关(P0.05);随着与喷头水平距离的增大,粒径大于4.7μm的细菌气溶胶粒子所占比例出现先降后升的变化趋势;而粒径在2.1~4.7μm之间的粒子所占比例则是先升后降.与喷头水平距离0.5 m以外的各点,细菌气溶胶粒子的粒径大都集中在1.1~4.7μm范围内.距离喷泉较远处的人吸入小粒径细菌气溶胶的风险不容忽视.     

梅雨期大学宿舍室内生物气溶胶浓度及粒径分布

大学宿舍室内生物气溶胶可通过空气传播,可能会危害学生身体健康.本研究调查了梅雨期大学宿舍室内生物气溶胶浓度和粒径分布特点,对其同空气颗粒物浓度、环境温度和湿度的Spearman相关性进行了研究,分析了学生活动对宿舍室内气溶胶的影响.结果表明,学生宿舍室内的细菌和真菌气溶胶平均浓度分别为(2 133±1 617)CFU·m~(-3)和(3 111±2 202)CFU·m~(-3),真菌气溶胶的浓度明显高于细菌.学生宿舍室内的PM1、PM_(2.5)、PM10与细菌气溶胶浓度呈负相关,与真菌气溶胶浓度呈显著负相关;PM_(2.5)与可吸入细菌气溶胶呈正相关,PM_(10)与可吸入真菌气溶胶呈正相关;环境温度与细菌和真菌气溶胶浓度呈正相关,环境相对湿度与细菌和真菌气溶胶浓度呈负相关.在下午,宿舍室内真菌气溶胶浓度显著增加,上午和下午生物气溶胶的粒径分布有差异.本研究结果将为评价高校学生宿舍室内空气质量提供基础数据.     

武汉市某居民区典型场所微生物气溶胶调查及健康风险评价

为了解武汉市新冠肺炎疫情后居民区微生物气溶胶分布特征及风险状况,以成熟社区——常青花园居民区为例对典型场所的微生物气溶胶分布及风险进行了评估.利用Andersen-6级空气微生物采样器于2020年10-12月对该居民区6处典型场所进行采样,通过平板菌落计数法监测微生物气溶胶浓度,采用《中国人群暴露参数手册（成人卷）》对采样点的暴露风险进行了评估.结果表明:①采样点微生物气溶胶浓度表现为生鲜市场>地下停车场>美食街>中心篮球场>中心广场>绿地亭.②不同场所细菌及真菌气溶胶浓度存在差异,细菌及真菌气溶胶最高浓度分别在生鲜市场[（1 525.32±1 311.31）CFU/m3]和美食街[（1 296.82±113.84）CFU/m3].③以典型场所空气微生物气溶胶浓度作为评价标准,中心篮球场、绿地亭和中心广场空气较为清洁,生鲜市场及地下停车场为轻微污染,美食街为轻度污染.④典型场所微生物气溶胶中值粒径均小于4.7 μm,表明微生物气溶胶容易进入人体下呼吸道,易引起居民下呼吸道感染.⑤10-12月,典型场所HQ（hazard quotient,危险系数）值均小于1,表明常青花园居民区受微生物气溶胶暴露的健康风险较小.研究显示,在新冠肺炎疫情防控常态化下,常青花园居民区空气状况良好,符合后疫情时代对卫生条件的要求.      

西安市秋季灰霾天气微生物气溶胶的特性研究

为探明西安市秋季灰霾天气条件下微生物气溶胶的特性,于2014年10月7日到23日两次灰霾过程期间,在西安市长安大学站点,采用Andersen六级撞击式空气采样器对细菌与真菌气溶胶进行采样,并对其浓度、粒径、种属分布及其与气象因素的相关关系进行详细分析.结果表明,在灰霾天期间,可培养细菌与真菌气溶胶的浓度水平分别为1102~1737 CFU·m-~3和1466~1704 CFU·m-~3,不仅远高于非灰霾天微生物气溶胶的浓度值,也超过了中国科学院推荐的标准值.在非灰霾天气条件下,空气中大部分可培养细菌气溶胶(79.7%)与真菌气溶胶(74.6%)均分布在粗颗粒范围(2.1μm),它们的中位径(NMD)分别为(2.32±0.12)μm、(2.48±0.24)μm;而在灰霾天气条件下,可培养细菌气溶胶与真菌气溶胶的中位径分别为(1.96±0.29)μm和(2.44±0.23)μm.此外,在灰霾天期间,空气中优势细菌除了葡萄球菌属(Micrococcus)与微球菌属(Staphylococcus)外,还鉴定出了非霾天没有检测出的致病菌种奈瑟氏菌属(Neisseria);而真菌在灰霾天时,除了曲霉属(Aspergillus)检出频率大幅提高外,还出现了非霾天未鉴定出的致病菌属拟青霉属(Paecilomyces)与头孢霉属(Cephalosporium).研究表明,相比于非灰霾天气,灰霾天气下有更高的微生物气溶胶暴露风险.研究结果可以为评估灰霾暴发时微生物气溶胶引起的环境与健康效应提供基础数据.     

西安市秋冬季不同空气质量下可培养微生物气溶胶浓度和粒径分布

利用Anderson空气微生物采样器对西安市2014年9月~2015年1月间可培养微生物气溶胶进行采样、培养,分析不同空气质量下其浓度与粒径变化特征,并对其与颗粒污染物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))、气象参数(温度、相对湿度)和其它气态污染物(NO_2、SO_2、O_3)进行主成分+多元线性回归分析.结果显示,可培养细菌和真菌气溶胶浓度范围分别为97~1 909CFU·m~(-3),92~1 737 CFU·m~(-3).随空气污染程度加深,两种微生物气溶胶浓度均呈现增加趋势;细菌气溶胶粒径分布向粗颗粒偏移;而真菌气溶胶在低污染时呈正态分布,高污染时粒径峰值向细颗粒偏移.主成分分析结果显示,可培养微生物气溶胶主要与灰霾、太阳辐射和相对湿度有关.多元线性回归结果表明,细菌气溶胶与灰霾呈显著正相关(P0.05),与太阳辐射呈不显著负相关,与湿度呈不显著正相关;真菌气溶胶与灰霾、太阳辐射和相对湿度均呈不显著正相关.研究结果可以为评估微生物气溶胶所引起的环境与健康效应提供基础数据.     

南京市校园室内空气微生物特征

为调查南京市学校教室内空气微生物污染状况,本研究各选一所幼儿园、小学、初中和大学,每所学校分别随机选取10间教室,采用六级安德森采样器进行空气微生物采样.研究发现,在南京地区所调研的这4所不同类型的学校中,幼儿园室内空气微生物浓度最高,细菌和真菌浓度均值分别为605CFU/m³和648CFU/m³,均显著高于其余3所学校.室内细菌和真菌粒径分布趋同,峰值均出现在Ⅴ级（1.1~2.1μm）.仅在大学教室内,发现环境参数与空气微生物浓度存在显著相关性.幼儿园教室内学生每天吸入的细菌和真菌剂量分别为150.2CFU/kg和160.9CFU/kg,均显著高于其他学校学生.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.