长江口浮游植物分布情况及与径流关系的初步探讨

利用2004—2008年5月（春季）和8月（夏季）共10个季度月航次调查资料,结合同时期长江口径流量的数据,研究了长江口海域浮游植物的分布特征、及其受长江径流影响的关系。分布情况的结果显示：同一年中,夏季调查航次鉴定的浮游植物种类数明显多于春季的种类数;浮游植物数量的基本趋势逐年增加,其中2008年调查航次的浮游植物数量急剧暴发;同时生物多样性指数呈逐年下降趋势,海域水质污染程度日趋严重。对浮游植物与长江口径流量的关系分析得到：拟合长江口5、8月平均径流量与对应调查航次的浮游植物数量呈正相关的幂函数关系,径流量与浮游植物多样度呈负相关的指数函数关系,径流量与浮游植物优势种数量百分比呈正相关的幂函数关系,关系都明显显著。其中长江口径流量的输入对优势种尤其是近岸低盐性的中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）分布有着决定性的影响;长江径流把大量的N、P等无机营养物质携带入海,导致长江口水域严重富营养化,造成长江口海域的局部区域频发赤潮。     

深圳湾海域营养盐的时空分布及潜在性富营养化程度评价

根据深圳湾海域2008年2、5、8、11月4个航次的海水中营养盐监测数据,分析了深圳湾海域海水中营养盐的时空分布特征,应用Si：N：P比及潜在性富营养化评价模式对整个海域水质富营养化程度进行了评价。结果表明：深圳湾海域氮磷营养盐污染严重,劣于四类海水水质标准;且受珠江口水系夏季带来的高氮低磷低硅的海水的影响,整个深圳湾海水中氮磷硅营养盐的时空分布不尽相同：夏季DIN的分布由湾口向湾内逐渐降低;冬、春、秋3季DIN的分布和4个季节PO43--P、SiO32--Si的分布都是由湾内向湾口逐渐降低;受陆源输入的影响,秋季DIN和PO43--P表现出由西岸向东岸逐渐降低的趋势;受海底沉积物交换的影响,夏季SiO32--Si表现出由西岸向东岸逐渐升高的分布趋势。冬季整个海域都处于氮限制状态,基本无赤潮发生风险;春季整个海域基本处于富营养状态,是赤潮的高发期;夏季整个海域从湾内到湾口由氮限制逐渐过渡到磷限制状态,处于赤潮发生的危险期;秋季整个海域处于轻微的磷限制状态,也是深圳湾赤潮的高发期,但危险性较春季有所降低。     

厦门海域底栖生物多样性保护目标确定

以厦门海域为研究对象,基于填海造地、旅游娱乐、港口航运、渔业和工业5类用海类型共14种用海活动构建定量化的近岸海域利用强度指数。根据1980—2016年海域利用强度和底栖生物多样性数据,建立海域利用强度与底栖生物多样性之间的关系模型,预测不同情景下厦门海域底栖生物多样性保护目标值。结果表明,构建的海域利用强度指数与绝大部分底栖生物多样性指数呈显著负相关,建立的指数基本可靠。底栖生物多样性指数中,香农多样性指数H′与海域利用强度指数建立了显著相关的关系模型,香农多样性指数主要受填海造地、捕捞和工业、生活污水的排放影响。"趋势情景""规划情景"和"优化情景"下,2035年厦门海域底栖生物平均香农多样性指数分别为2.88、3.14和3.06。2035年厦门海域生物多样性保护指标宜设为底栖生物香农多样性指数不低于3.06,应加强西海域和九龙江河口的生物多样性保护和生态修复。     

海州湾生态系统健康诊断

根据开敞海湾浅海生态系统特征,构建了包含环境现状、环境风险、环境背景、系统结构功能和系统稳定性5类诊断指标以及24个诊断因子的浅海生态系统健康诊断指标体系,并采用层次分析法对海州湾浅海生态系统2009年12月和2010年11月的健康状况进行诊断.结果表明,2009年12月和2010年11月海州湾浅海生态系统的综合健康指数值分别为0.500～0.689和0.553～0.750,浅海生态系统处于亚健康～较健康状态,近岸海域基本处于亚健康状态,离岸海域基本处于较健康状态,近岸海域生态系统健康水平低于离岸海域,这与近岸海域开发活动干扰多以及环境压力大有关.     

基于MODIS数据的渤海净初级生产力时空变化

渤海是中国最大的内海,四周几乎被陆地包围,陆源污染严重。自上世纪90年代中后期,渤海赤潮频发,水体富营养化程度严重。以渤海为研究区,采用Eppley-VGPM垂向归纳模型及一元线性回归分析法,对2003—2016年渤海NPP的时空分布进行研究。结果表明:14年来,渤海NPP年均值存在一定波动性变化且整体呈小幅度上升趋势。NPP月均值以8月最高,为5 265 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1),1月最低,为677 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。NPP季节性变化明显,表现为夏季秋季春季冬季,夏季NPP最高值出现在2010年,为5 027 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。空间分布上,渤海存在四大NPP高值区,分别为辽东湾、渤海湾、莱州湾和秦皇岛邻近海域,其中莱州湾NPP数值最高。2003—2016年间NPP显著增加的海域面积占50.67%,分布在辽东湾、秦皇岛邻近海域及渤海中部海域;显著减少的海域面积占31.12%,分布在莱州湾及渤海湾;仅有0.28%的海域NPP出现极明显增加;17.93%的海域NPP并无明显变化。渤海NPP空间分布呈由近岸海域向远海岸海域逐步降低的趋势,最低值出现在渤海海峡。2003—2016年渤海海表温度无明显变化,相对稳定,海表温度年平均值为13.11℃。渤海NPP与海表温度以低度相关和负相关为主。研究结果可为渤海海域环境质量监测、渤海资源合理开发利用及环境治理提供依据。     

桑沟湾水体中多氯联苯的时空分布特征

气相色谱法分析并结合外标法,定量测定2009年4个航次桑沟湾海域水体中7种多氯联苯类化合物的含量,探讨了多氯联苯污染物在该海域组成以及时空分布特征.结果表明,桑沟湾水体中,多氯联苯的组成主要以低氯取代物为主.该海域多氯联苯含量分布特征呈现为夏季最高,秋春季次之,冬季最低.与其它海域相比,其含量处于中等水平,且低于美国环保局规定的标准值.     

华南沿岸海域近江牡蛎体中氯丹含量及其时空分布

为探讨在陆域使用的氯丹对沿岸海域的污染状况,以近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)作为指示生物,用石英毛细管柱-气相色谱-微电子捕获检测器测定了其软组织中氯丹含量。结果表明,2008—2012年在华南沿岸海域采集的115份牡蛎(以湿质量计)样本中有17份检出氯丹,其含量为2.1~9.3μg·kg-1,明显低于加拿大食品安全限量和我国畜肉中安全限量,远低于欧盟、澳大利亚和日本的食品安全限量。牡蛎样本中氯丹平均含量为0.69μg·kg-1,与亚太地区沿海双壳贝类相比处于较低水平。牡蛎样本中氯丹含量的站位间差别较大,区域平均值(μg·kg-1)由高到低依次为粤西(1.17)粤东(0.77)海南岛(0.63)珠江口(0.41)广西(未检出),年平均值(μg·kg-1)在2008年明显较高(1.61),2009—2012年从0.71逐渐下降至0.26。牡蛎中氯丹含量时空变化表明,牡蛎栖息环境中氯丹污染物的来源不完全固定,污染强度不稳定。牡蛎样本中反式氯丹/顺式氯丹比值为0~1.58,平均比值为0.58,有别于工业品氯丹(比值为1.26),说明牡蛎体中氯丹已发生异构体转化或生物降解。     

大亚湾裸甲藻种群动态及其关键调控因子

2008年1—12月对大亚湾养殖海域裸甲藻种群动态和主要环境因子进行了周年调查。结果表明,大亚湾海域裸甲藻类群以直径约为16～22μm的小型裸甲藻（Gymnodinium sp.）为主,另外米氏凯伦藻（Karenia mikimotoi）、链状裸甲藻（Gymnodnium catenatum）和血红哈卡藻（Akashiwo sanguinea）也有少量出现。裸甲藻种群密度呈现出明显的季节性变化特征：5月出现裸甲藻密度高峰,全年最大密度达到903 cells.mL-1,秋冬季节密度最小。不同站位裸甲藻密度也具有明显的空间分布差异,养殖及近岸海域密度普遍高于外海对照区。相关性分析结果表明,裸甲藻密度的关键调控因子包括温度、化学需氧量（COD）、可溶性有机氮（DON）和尿素浓度。裸甲藻高密度、高频率出现的温度范围在24～26℃,DON和尿素的质量浓度范围分别为N 156.38～187μg·L-1和N 17.4～38.9μg·L-1。在温度适宜的条件下,尿素等有机氮含量的增加可能成为裸甲藻赤潮的触发因子。     

东海近岸海域不同贝类体内挥发性酚残留的时空变化及其污染分析

2006年6月和2007年6月分别在东海近岸海域采集了4种贝类,对不同贝类体内挥发性酚残留量进行了检测。结果表明：2006年6月调查海域4种贝类体内挥发性酚残留量范围为0.25-0.59mg·kg^-1,褶牡蛎（Crassostrea plicatula）体内残留量最高;2007年6月残留量范围为0.80-1.50mg·kg^-1,紫贻贝（Mytilus edulis）体内残留量最高。在2次采样间4种贝类体内挥发性酚残留量的平均值表现为四角蛤蜊（Mactra veneriformis）〈文蛤（Meretrix meretrix）〈褶牡蛎〈紫贻贝。2006年6月调查海域各站点贝类体内挥发性酚残留量范围为ND-0.78mg·kg^-1,平均值为0.31mg·kg^-1;2007年6月残留量范围为0.20-2.22mg·kg^-1,平均值为1.19mg·kg^-1。2次采样间贝类体内挥发性酚在调查海域的分布格局为东海中部〉东海南部〉东海北部。贝类体内挥发性酚残留量主要受自身与外界环境因素的综合作用。     

长江口及邻近海域水体中石油烃分布特征及其污染评价

根据2001—2009及2013年的10年间5、8月份丰水期对长江口及邻近海域的调查监测资料,研究了水体中石油烃的时空分布特征及污染情况,分析了其污染来源,探讨了其影响机理.研究结果表明,10年间调查海域石油烃范围为0—0.41 mg·L-1,平均浓度为0.08 mg·L-1,各年际间石油烃浓度有显著性差异(P<0.05),且均存在不同程度的超标情况;水体中石油烃空间分布格局整体上呈由近岸向远岸递减的趋势,河口水动力稀释、颗粒悬浮物的吸附作用是控制石油烃分布的主要因素;调查海域空间分布尺度上可以划分为近岸海域和远岸海域两部分,聚类分析、MDS排序分析以及ANOSIM检验均支持了划分结果     

Area and mammalian elevational diversity

Elevational gradients hold enormous potential for understanding general properties of biodiversity. Like latitudinal gradients, the hypotheses for diversity patterns can be grouped into historical explanations, climatic drivers, and spatial hypotheses. The spatial hypotheses include the species-area effect and spatial constraint (mid-domain effect null models). I test these two spatial hypotheses using regional diversity patterns for mammals (non-volant small mammals and bats) along 34 elevational gradients spanning 24.4 degrees S-40.4 degrees N latitude. There was high variability in the fit to the species-area hypothesis and the mid-domain effect. Both hypotheses can be eliminated as primary drivers of elevational diversity. Area and spatial constraint both represent sources of error rather than mechanisms underlying these mammalian diversity patterns. Similar results are expected for other vertebrate taxa, plants, and invertebrates since they show comparable distributions of elevational diversity patterns to mammalian patterns.     

The Melting Himalayas: Cascading Effects of Climate Change on Water, Biodiversity, and Livelihoods

Abstract:  The Greater Himalayas hold the largest mass of ice outside polar regions and are the source of the 10 largest rivers in Asia. Rapid reduction in the volume of Himalayan glaciers due to climate change is occurring. The cascading effects of rising temperatures and loss of ice and snow in the region are affecting, for example, water availability (amounts, seasonality), biodiversity (endemic species, predator–prey relations), ecosystem boundary shifts (tree-line movements, high-elevation ecosystem changes), and global feedbacks (monsoonal shifts, loss of soil carbon). Climate change will also have environmental and social impacts that will likely increase uncertainty in water supplies and agricultural production for human populations across Asia. A common understanding of climate change needs to be developed through regional and local-scale research so that mitigation and adaptation strategies can be identified and implemented. The challenges brought about by climate change in the Greater Himalayas can only be addressed through increased regional collaboration in scientific research and policy making.     

论凤眼莲的是非功过

凤眼莲在城市河湖的污染与净化中的是非功过争议很大,双方意见均有部分正确,但各有片面性。凤眼莲耐污能力、净化能力强;生产力高,生产量大;从环境中吸收、转化的污染物种类多、量大;本身有一定的利用和经济价值.它本是水体中营养盐、有机质等污染物的迁移转化和输出链网中一个重要环节。目前一些地方水体中凤眼莲因未及时收获、输出水体,失控而过度发展、排斥其他多种生物的生存和发展,而成为外来入侵种,其残体留存水体中造成二次污染。决定它功过是非的关键是能否及时从其生长水体中收获和输出,防止他们疯长蔓延。而合理利用凤眼莲是促进它们的收获与输出一项条件.如能抓住这一关键,就可解决这一争论.发挥凤眼莲净化水体,变废为宝,化害为利.兼收生态环境和经济效益。     

Monitoring and management of the coasts of Lake Peipsi,Eastern Europe

Lake Peipsi is of great economic significance, first of all, in terms of water transport, fishery and energy production. Its bottom deposits hold great reserves of curative mud and building materials, and its waters cool the huge kettles of the Baltic and Estonian Thermal Power Plants and drive the turbines of the Narva Hydropower Station. The beaches of the lake, especially in the northern and eastern parts, have a high recreational value. The lake is shared between Estonia and Russia. The sparsely distributed population is mainly engaged in fishery and agriculture. Long-term observations have shown that the water level in L. Peipsi fluctuates greatly. This complicates water transport, shore protection and recreational possibilities around the lake. Both, water erosion and hummocky ice have changed the coasts, but differently in every year. Due to the uneven glacioisostatic uplift of the lake basin the water masses are steadily retreating southward, which means that in the coming future erosion of the northern coast will diminish and large areas on the southern coast will be flooded. Sustainable development of L. Peipsi integrates social, economic, cultural and environmental concerns. Recommendations for the protection and management of the coastal zone are presented.     

彗星试验检测区域水源有机污染致突变量(Study on Mutagenic Threshold of Organic Pollutants in Typical Water Area by Comet Assay)

采用彗星试验检测了区域水源有机污染对人血淋巴细胞的致突变性,探讨了水源风险的评价方法.结果表明:Cr(VI)对人外周血淋巴细胞有强的致突变作用,并具有明显的剂量-效应关系;Cr(VI)剂量的对数与人外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的程度呈线性相关.可以用Cr(VI)作为阳性参照物量化表征水中有机污染混合物对人血淋巴细胞的致突变性.现行《地表水环境质量标准》、《污水综合排放标准》中Cr(VI)的限值可以用于评价水体中有机污染对人体健康的风险.     

泥沙沉降对长江水体富营养化相关因素的影响初探

针对三峡库区重庆段蓄水后,泥沙沉降对长江水体富营养化相关因素的影响进行了研究。三峡库区含沙量大,泥沙对水环境的影响不容忽视。为准确预测成库后三峡库区重庆段富营养化的发生,文章通过泥沙沉降对水质影响静态模拟试验,研究了长江原水的泥沙沉降对水体中叶绿素a、透明度、溶解性总磷、溶解性总氮、浊度等指标的影响。结果表明:三峡成库后泥沙更易沉降,引起水体浊度降低、透明度增大,这可能利于藻类的生长,导致叶绿素a的质量浓度增加,同时,泥沙沉降也使水体的溶解性氮磷比增大,对富营养化发生有抑制作用。     

Hexavalent chromium in drinking water: Chemistry,challenges and future outlook on Sn(II)- and photocatalyst-based treatment

• Wide occurrence of Cr(VI) in US source drinking water. • A strong dependence of occurrence on groundwater sources. • Elucidate Redox and equilibrium chemistry of Cr(VI). • Sn(II)-based and TiO₂-based reductive treatments hold extreme promise. • Key challenges include residual waste, Cr(VI) re-generation and socioeconomic drivers. Chromium (Cr) typically exists in either trivalent and hexavalent oxidation states in drinking water, i.e., Cr(III) and Cr(VI), with Cr(VI) of particular concern in recent years due to its high toxicity and new regulatory standards. This Account presented a critical analysis of the sources and occurrence of Cr(VI) in drinking water in the United States, analyzed the equilibrium chemistry of Cr(VI) species, summarized important redox reaction relevant to the fate of Cr(VI) in drinking water, and critically reviewed emerging Cr(VI) treatment technologies. There is a wide occurrence of Cr(VI) in US source drinking water, with a strong dependence on groundwater sources, mainly due to naturally weathering of chromium-containing aquifers. Challenges regarding traditional Cr(VI) treatment include chemical cost, generation of secondary waste and inadvertent re-generation of Cr(VI) after treatment. To overcome these challenges, reductive Cr(VI) treatment technologies based on the application of stannous tin or electron-releasing titanium dioxide photocatalyst hold extreme promise in the future. To moving forward in the right direction, three key questions need further exploration for the technology implementation, including effective management of residual waste, minimizing the risks of Cr(VI) re-occurrence downstream of drinking water treatment plant, and promote the socioeconomic drivers for Cr(VI) control in the future.     

南水北调中线水源区浮游植物与水质研究

2003~2005年对南水北调中线水源区水体浮游植物的调查结果表明,该水域共有浮游植物96种及变种,隶属于8门63属,其中种类最多的藻类植物依次是硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻.藻类的细胞密度表现出夏季最高、冬季最低的明显季节变化.运用Margalef和Menkinick多样性指数对该水域的水质进行评价,结果显示,水体为寡污型,基本处于中营养状态.图3表3参14     

上海滨岸带生态环境问题及调控对策

结合长江口上海滨岸带资源与环境现状,重点分析了上海滨岸地区在经济快速发展过程中面临的主要生态环境问题;指出上海滨岸地区面临风暴潮、海平面上升、地面沉降等主要自然灾害;滨岸水环境质量恶化,重金属等污染物的生态风险不容忽视;潮滩过渡围垦导致湿地生态系统破坏严重。探讨了污水排放等人类活动对滨岸带生态环境的影响。此外,从战略环境评价、污染控制、生态恢复、行政法规和管理等方面,提出了相应的调控对策。     

Characteristics of Environmental Geochemistry in the Arseniasis Area of the Inner Mongolia of China

In China, endemic arseniasis attributable to the geological-geochemistry environment is mainly found in the plain of the Great Bend of the Yellow River and the Hu-Bao plain in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, in the Datong basin of Shanxi Province, the floodplain of the northern side of the Tian Mountain of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and in the southwest coastal plain of Taiwan. These areas share many similar characteristics including widespread occurrences, a large population being affected, and the magnitude of risk involved. The population living in these areas is estimated to be around 5.5 × 10⁵, of which of 2.5 × 10⁵ are resident in Inner Mongolia. Based on our systematic research and comparison of various areas, we found the different types of arseniasis are often associated with different regions. The neural arseniasis is distributed in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Shanxi Province, caused by inorganic arsenic in drinking water while the cycling-obstacle arseniasis is mainly found in Inner Mongolia and Taiwan, associated with organic arsenic in water. The distribution of arsenic affected villages in Inner Mongolia exhibits orientation and focus on low-lying land in the subsiding centre of the Great Bend basin, which was enriched with humus in the lake and limnetic deposits. Much CH₄ gas can be detected in the water of shallow and deep wells in these villages. Some of the wells with higher concentrations of CH₄ can even be ignited. This is a typical reductive geochemical environment. We tested the total amount of arsenic (As), As³⁺, and methyl arsenate in all types of water sources. It is found that the number of arseniasis cases is not clearly related to the total amount of arsenic (As) in the water. However, it is related to the ratio of As³⁺ plus methyl arsenic to the total amount of arsenic (As). The higher the ratio, the higher the number of people affected and the more serious the illness. The statistical results also indicate that good drinking water accounts for 60% of the drinking water source while the arsenic contaminated water makes up about 25% of the drinking water in the study area. This research reveals that the local geochemical environment is responsible for the spreading of the endemic arseniasis in the area and thus suggests a new direction of how to prevent such disease.